Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of NMPO Users
| Total | Initiated Heroin Use | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No | Yes | |||
| N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | ||
| 323 (100.0%) | 298 (92.3%) | 25 (7.7%) | ||
| Demographics | ||||
| Age: | 18–24 25–29 30+ mean(SD) |
176 (54.5%) 78 (24.1%) 69 (21.4%) 25.0 (5.24) |
166 (94.3%) 68 (87.2%) 64 (92.8%) 25.0 (5.2) |
10 (5.7%) 10 (12.8%) 5 (7.2%) 25.8 (5.4) |
| Gender: | Female | 150 (46.4%) | 140 (93.3%) | 10 (6.7%) |
| Race/ethnicity: | Hispanic | 210 (65.0%) | 196 (93.3%) | 14 (6.7%) |
| African American/Black | 77 (23.8%) | 69 (89.6%) | 8 (10.4%) | |
| White | 26 (8.0%) | 23 (88.5%) | 3 (11.5%) | |
| Other | 10 (3.1%) | 10 (100.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| Health | ||||
| Significant pain (past 90 days) | 96 (29.7%) | 85 (88.5%) | 11 (11.5%)+ | |
| Health problem interference (past 90 days) | 71 (22.0%) | 62 (87.3%) | 9 (12.7%)+ | |
| HIV-positive | 3 (0.9%) | — | — | |
| HCV-positive | 1 (0.3%) | — | — | |
| Severe mental distress (past year) | 157 (48.6%) | 142 (90.4%) | 15 (9.6%) | |
| Substance use (days in past 90) | ||||
| Days Alcohol | mean(SD) | 48.4 (25.2) | 48.0 (25.3) | 52.9 (24.3) |
| Days Marijuana | mean(SD) | 63.2 (31.6) | 62.9 (31.4) | 66.7 (34.4) |
| Days Cocaine (powder) | mean(SD) | 31.7 (26.0) | 31.6 (26.2) | 33.9 (24.3) |
| Days Crack cocaine | mean(SD) | 3.7 (14.2) | 3.5 (13.7) | 5.8 (19.5) |
| Days Ecstasy | mean(SD) | 31.9 (23.8) | 31.7 (23.9) | 33.5 (22.9) |
| Days Heroin | mean(SD) | 0.0 (0.0) | — | — |
| Days LSD | mean(SD) | 5.5 (11.8) | 5.0 (10.4) | 12.3 (21.5)** |
| Days Methamphetamine | mean(SD) | 1.9 (7.8) | 2.0 (8.0) | 0.9 (2.3) |
| Days Prescription stimulants | mean(SD) | 10.1 (18.5) | 10.2 (18.5) | 8.5 (19.3) |
| Days Prescription sedatives | mean(SD) | 33.4 (28.8) | 33.2 (28.8) | 36.0 (29.4) |
| Days Prescription antidepressants | mean(SD) | 6.7 (17.9) | 6.5 (17.6) | 8.7 (21.9) |
| Days Prescription antipsychotics | mean(SD) | 5.7 (16.3) | 5.8 (16.6) | 4.8 (13.2) |
| Substance-related problems | ||||
| Substance dependence (past year) | 218 (67.5%) | 198 (90.8%) | 20 (9.2%) | |
| Drug overdose or drug-related emergency (lifetime) | 68 (21.1%) | 59 (86.8%) | 9 (13.2%)+ | |
| Substance abuse treatment (lifetime) | 88 (27.2%) | 80 (90.9%) | 8 (9.1%) | |
| Drug injection (lifetime) | 13 (4.0%) | 11 (84.6%) | 2 (15.4) | |
| Nonmedical prescription opioid use (NMPOU) | ||||
| Years of NMPOU | mean(SD) | 5.0 (4.1) | 5.0 (4.1) | 5.6 (4.0) |
| Age at first NMPOU | mean(SD) | 20.0 (4.6) | 20.0 (4.6) | 20.2 (4.2) |
| Days NMPOU (past 90) | mean(SD) | 31.0 (25.8) | 30.3 (25.7) | 39.1 (26.8) + |
| Prescription opioid dependence (past year) | 11 (3.4%) | 8 (72.7%) | 3 (27.3%) | |
| Routes of NMPO Administration: | Oral | 304 (94.1%) | 279 (91.8%) | 25 (8.2%) |
| Oral, tampered | 72 (22.3%) | 58 (84.1%) | 11 (15.9%)* | |
| Smoking | 10 (3.1%) | 9 (90.0%) | 1 (10.0%) | |
| Snorting | 29 (9.0%) | 25 (86.2%) | 4 (13.8%) | |
| Injecting | 1 (0.3%) | — | — | |
| Any alternate route | 86 (26.6%) | 74 (86.0%) | 12 (14.0%)* | |
| Primary Source of Opioids: | Medical | 15 (4.6%) | 11 (73.3%) | 4 (26.7%)* |
| Theft | 10 (3.1%) | 9 (90.0%) | 1 (10.0%) | |
| Dealer/Club/Street buy | 208 (64.4%) | 192 (92.3%) | 16 (7.7%) | |
| Sharing/Trading | 89 (27.6%) | 85 (95.5%) | 4 (4.5%) | |
| Other | 1 (0.3%) | — | — | |
+
Notes: p≤.10;
*
p≤.05;
**
p≤.01