Table 3.
Surgical details
| Study | Year | Single/multiple revision ACL-R | Cause of 1° ACL-R failure | Graft for 1° ACL-R | Graft for revision ACL-R | Stages | Femoral tunnel | Insertion | Fixation | Medial meniscal defect | Lateral meniscal defect | Abnormal cartilage |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| O’Neill [22] | 2004 | 28 (100%) first revision | 38 (79%) trauma | 24 (50%) BPTB autografts | 23 (48%) ipsilateral BPTB autografts | 1-stage | 2-incision | 11 o’clock | F: Screw | 60% | 56% | NA |
| 10 (21%) unknown | 17 (35%) HS autografts | 25 (52%) ipsilateral HS autografts | Endoscopic | T: Screw | ||||||||
| 6 (12%) ITB autografts | ||||||||||||
| 1 (2%) peroneus bervis | ||||||||||||
| Grossman et al. [12] | 2005 | 29 (100%) first revision | 14 (48%) trauma | 22 (76%) BPTB autografts | 22 (76%) BPTB allografts | 1-stage | 2-incision | NA | F: NA | 22% | 7% | 59% |
| 10 (34%) tunnel error | 3 (10%) HS autografts | 6 (21%) contralateral BPTB autografts | Endoscopic | T: NA | ||||||||
| 5 (17%) biologic | 3 (10%) synthetic | 1 (4%) Achilles allografts | ||||||||||
| 1 (4%) BPTB allografts | ||||||||||||
| Thomas et al. [27] | 2005 | 49 (100%) first revision | 49 (100%) tunnel error | 30 (61%) BPTB autografts | 38 (78%) ipsilateral HS autografts | 2-stage | NA | NA | F: Screw/Rigidfix | 86% | 53% | 92% |
| 15 (31%) synthetic | 11 (22%) ipsilateral BPTB autografts | T: Screw/Intrafix | ||||||||||
| 4 (8%) HS autografts | ||||||||||||
| Ferretti et al. [7] | 2006 | 30 (100%) first revision | 14 (47%) trauma | 26 (87%) BPTB autografts | 30 (100%) Ipsilateral HS autografts | 1-stage | 2-incision | NA | F: Swingbridge | 10% | 20% | 7% |
| 10 (33%) tunnel error | 4 (13%) synthetic | T: Evolgate/staples | ||||||||||
| 4 (13%) synthetic graft failure | ||||||||||||
| 2 (7%) unknown | ||||||||||||
| Lidén et al. [16] | 2006 | 14 (100%) first revision | 12 (86%) tunnel error | 14 (100%) BPTB autografts | 14 (100%) reharvested BPTB autografts | 1-stage | Endoscopic | NA | F: Screw | 75% | 42% | 42% |
| 2 (14%) trauma | T: Screw | |||||||||||
| Salmon et al. [23] | 2006 | 57 (100%) first revision | 29 (55%) trauma | 21 (47%) BPTB autografts | 26 (46%) contralateral HS autografts | 1-stage | AM portal | NA | F: Screw | NA | NA | 53% |
| 10 (22%) tunnel error | 21 (47%) HS autografts | 30 (53%) ipsilateral HS autografts | T: Screw | |||||||||
| 5 (11%) biologic | 3 (6%) synthetic | 1 (1%) HS allografts | ||||||||||
| 1 (2%) fixation failure | ||||||||||||
| *data of 45 patients | ||||||||||||
| Battaglia et al. [3] | 2007 | 63 (100%) first revision | NA | 41 (65%) BPTB autografts | 19 (30%) ipsilateral BPTB autografts | 1-stage | Endoscopic | NA | F: NA | 41% | 2% | NA |
| 9 (14%) HS autografts | 10 (16%) ipsilateral HS autografts | T: NA | ||||||||||
| 3 (5%) extraarticular | 1 (2%) reharvested BPTB autografts | |||||||||||
| 8 (12%) allografts | 1 (2%) contralateral BPTB autografts | |||||||||||
| 2 (3%) synthetic | 20 (32%) allografts | |||||||||||
| Diamantopoulos et al. [6] | 2008 | 107 (100%) first revision | 68 (63%) tunnel error | 64 (60%) BPTB autografts | 45 (42%) ipsilateral HS autografts | 1-stage (94%) | AM portal | 10 o’clock | F: No hardware | 48% | 11% | 64% |
| 26 (24%) trauma | 27 (25%) HS autografts | 41 (38%) ipsilateral BPTB autografts | 2-stage (6%) | T: No hardware | ||||||||
| 4 (4%) biologic | 14 (13%) synthetic | 21 (20%) ipsilateral QT autografts | ||||||||||
| 6 (5%) synthetic graft failure | 2 (2%) Allograftsgrafts | |||||||||||
| 3 (3%) PLC instability | ||||||||||||
| Ahn et al. [2] | 2011 | 41 (100%) first revision | NA | 11 (27%) BPTB autografts | 18 (44%) BPTB allografts | 1-stage (98%) | Transtibial | 11 o’clock | F: Cross-pin | 42% | 20% | NA |
| 10 (25%) Achilles allografts | 14 (34%) ipsilateral HS autografts | 2-stage (2%) | T: Screw | |||||||||
| 7 (18%) BPTB allografts | 9 (22%) Achilles allografts | |||||||||||
| 5 (12%) synthetic | ||||||||||||
| 4 (10%) Achilles autografts | ||||||||||||
| 3 (8%) HS autografts | ||||||||||||
| Lind et al. [17] | 2012 | 128 (100%) first revision | 38 (30%) trauma | 64 (50%) BPTB autografts | 36 (28%) ipsilateral BPTB autografts | 1-stage (89%) | NA | NA | F: NA | 30% | 13% | 59% |
| 41 (32%) tunnel error | 52 (41%) HS autografts | 52 (41%) ipsilateral HS autografts | 2-stage (11%) | T: NA | ||||||||
| 4 (3%) biologic | 8 (6%) synthetic | 40 (31%) allografts | ||||||||||
| 9 (7%) LCL injury | 4 (3%) other grafts | |||||||||||
| 6 (5%) other causes | ||||||||||||
| 31 (24%) unknown cause | ||||||||||||
| Mayr et al. [19] | 2012 | 17 (100%) first revision | 10 (58%) tunnel error | 17 (100%) BPTB autografts | 17 (100%) BPTB allografts | 1-stage | Transtibial | NA | F: Screw | NA | NA | NA |
| 6 (35%) trauma | T: Screw | |||||||||||
| 17 (100%) first revision | 9 (52%) tunnel error | 17 (100%) HS autografts | 17 (100%) ipsilateral BPTB autografts | 1-stage | Transtibial | NA | F: Screw | NA | NA | NA | ||
| 5 (29%) trauma | T: Screw | |||||||||||
| Franceschi et al. [8] | 2013 | 30 (100%) first revision | NA | 30 (100%) BPTB autografts | 30 (100%) ipsilateral HS autografts | 2-stage | Transtibial | NA | F: Screw | 33% | 27% | 40% |
| T: Screw | ||||||||||||
| Gifstad et al. [9] | 2013 | 56 (100%) first revision | 23 (41%) trauma | 54 (96%) BPTB autografts | 22 (39%) contralateral BPTB autografts | 1-stage (98%) | Transtibial | NA | F: NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 1 (2%) infection | 2 (4%) HS autografts | 25 (45%) ipsilateral HS autografts | 2-stage (2%) | T: NA | ||||||||
| 32 (57%) unknown | 9 (16%) ipsilateral BPTB autografts | |||||||||||
| Kievit et al. [14] | 2013 | 25 (100%) first revision | 14 (56%) trauma | NA | 12 (48%) PT allografts | 1-stage | Transtibial | NA | F: Endobutton | 56% | 32% | NA |
| 11 (44%) other | 11(44%) Achilles allografts | T: Staples | ||||||||||
| 2 (8%) BPTB allografts | ||||||||||||
| Chougule et al. [4] | 2015 | 20 (100%) first revision | NA | 11 (55%) HS autografts | 20 (100%) HS allografts | 1-stage (95%) | Transtibial | NA | F: Endobutton | NA | NA | NA |
| 6 (30%) BPTB autografts | 2-stage (5%) | T: Staples | ||||||||||
| 2 (10%) synthetic | ||||||||||||
| 1 (5%) allografts | ||||||||||||
ACL-R = anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction; NA = not applicable; PLC = posterolateral corner; LCL = lateral collateral ligament; BPTB = bone-patellar tendon-bone; HS = hamstrings; ITB = iliotibial band; PT = posterior tibialis; AM = anteromedial; F = femur; T = tibia.