Table.

Prevalence of anti-hepatitis D virus and hepatitis D virus RNA in HBsAg-positive general populations and liver disease populations in sub-Saharan Africa, 1995–2015

		Year	Population	Tested (n)	Anti-hepatitis D virus positive		Hepatitis D virus RNA positive*
					n (%)	95% CI	n (%)	95% CI
General populations
West Africa
	Benin21	2011	Pregnant women†	44	5 (11%)	5–24	··	··
	Burkina Faso31	2015	Blood donors	177	6 (3%)	1–7	··	··
	Burkina Faso18	2001	Mothers	40	1 (3%)	0–14	0 (0)	0–83
	The Gambia34	2013	Community members†	394	8 (2%)	1–4	··	··
	The Gambia34	2013	Blood donors	292	1 (<1%)	0–2	··	··
	Ghana33	2015	Community members†	107	9 (8%)	4–15	··	··
	Ghana‡	2010	Patients from HIV clinics	222	5 (2%)	1–5	2 (40%)	12–77
	Guinea-Bissau23	2011	Patients from HIV clinics	72	18 (25%)	16–36	4 (44%)§	19–73
	Mauritania25	2008	Blood donors	447	90 (20%)	17–24	56 (62%)	52–72
	Mauritania26	2008–09	Pregnant women	109	16 (15%)	9–23	11 (69%)	44–86
	Mauritania26	2008–09	Medical outpatients¶	162	31 (19%)	14–26	21 (68%)	50–82
	Nigeria32	2014	Medical outpatients¶	103	5 (5%)	2–11	··	··
	Nigeria18	2004	Patients from HIV clinics	45	3 (7%)	2–19	2 (67%)	20–94
	Nigeria18	1998	Patients from HIV clinics	11	3 (27%)	9–57	0 (0)	0–62
	Senegal30	2003	Blood donors	175	5 (3%)	1–7	··	··
	Senegal22	1998–2002	Patients from HIV clinics	61	2 (3%)	0–12	··	··
Central Africa
	Cameroon42	2011	National survey participants	1627	225 (14%)	12–15	··	··
	Cameroon36	2011	Health-care workers†	17	6 (35%)	17–59	··	··
	Cameroon41	2010	Patients from HIV clinics	25	3 (12%)	3–31	1 (33%)	6–80
	Cameroon37	2007	Pregnant women†	259	19 (7%)	5–11	··	··
	Gabon43	2015	Community members†||	74	33 (45%)	33–56	··	··
	Gabon39	2005	Pregnant women	109	17 (16%)	10–24	··	··
	Gabon40	2008	Community members†||	124	82 (66%)	57–74	··	··
East or southern Africa
	Botswana44	2006–08	Pregnant women	9	0 (0)	0–35	··	··
	Malawi‡	2007–09	Patients from HIV clinics	133	2 (2%)	0–6	0 (0)	0–71
	Mozambique45	2007	Blood donors	146	0 (0)	0–3	··	··
	South Africa19	2008	Pregnant women	87	0 (0)	0–5	··	··
	South Africa44	2008	HIV-positive pregnant or postnatal women	45	0 (0)	0–9	··	··
	South Africa44	2004–10	Pregnant women	6	0 (0)	0–44	··	··
	Tanzania46	2013–14	Patients from HIV clinics†	219	11 (5%)	3–9	0 (0)	0–30
Liver disease populations
West Africa
	Ghana20	2014	Patients from hepatology clinics	53	6 (11%)	5–23	··	··
	Mauritania24	2009	Patients from hepatology clinics	296	98 (33%)	28–39	61 (62%)	52–71
	Nigeria28	2012	Patients with HCC	26	0 (0)	0–15	··	··
	Nigeria29	2009–10	Patients from hepatology clinics (15% had cirrhosis, 3% had HCC)	245	5 (2%)	1–5	··	··
	Nigeria47	2006	Patients from hepatology clinics (22% had cirrhosis, 51% had HCC)	96	12 (13%)	1–21	··	··
	Nigeria18	2006	Patients from hepatology clinics	78	1 (1%)	0–8	1 (100%)	17–100
	Nigeria18	2003	Patients from hepatology clinics	44	3 (7%)	2–19	0 (0)	0–62
	Senegal30	2003	Patients from hepatology clinics	29	4 (14%)	5–31	··	··
	Senegal27	1995	Patients from hepatology clinics (39% had cirrhosis, 57% had HCC)	54	13 (24%)	15–37	··	··
Central Africa
	Cameroon38	2008–09	Patients from hepatology clinics	233	41 (18%)	13–23	25 (61%)	42–74
	Central African Republic18	2009	Patients from hepatology clinics	14	7 (50%)	27–73	5 (71%)	35–92
	Central African Republic35	2006–09	Patients with HCC	69	36 (52%)	41–64	··	··

HCC=hepatocellular carcinoma.

^*Percentages are calculated in the group of patients who are anti-hepatitis D virus positive.

^†Study was done in a rural setting.

^‡Data are from the present study.

^§Only nine of 18 samples were tested for hepatitis D virus RNA.

^¶The study population was attendees at a general (non-hepatology) medical clinic without known liver disease.

^||Cluster-sampling community survey.