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. 2017 Sep 14;7:11644. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-11271-4

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Immediate inductions of RANTES and IL-8 mRNA expression in NHBE cells upon fungal infection. Fungal infection of differentiated NHBE cells (MOI 0.5) mediates a significant, immediate increase in IL-8 (white bars) and CCL5 (RANTES) (grey bars) mRNA expression levels after 30 min. IL-8 expression remains elevated up to 6 h post infection, indicating the release of the pro-inflammatory cytokine over time to induce immune cell migration to sites of infection. In contrast, RANTES levels dropped to nearly background expression at 0 h (grey bars). Cytokine expression was measured from three independent Transwells and qRT-PCR was performed in duplicates. Significant differences between infected and control co-cultures were calculated using an unpaired Student’s T test and the Graph Pad Prism software.