Table 2. Differences in pre- and post-intervention MDQ score within groups.

Factor	TG		HG		THG
	Pre- (mean ± S.D)	Post- (mean ± SD)	Pre- (mean ± SD)	Post- (mean ± SD)	Pre- (mean ± SD)	Post- (mean ± SD)
Pain	13.8 ± 5.6	12.5 ± 3.9	16.4 ± 3.7	14.7 ± 4.1	17.8 ± 2.0	8.0 ± 1.0†
Concentration	14.8 ± 5.1	11.8 ± 3.3	15.8 ± 5.8	13.7 ± 5.3	17.85 ± 3.7	12.0 ± 4.6†
Behavioral change	12.1 ± 3.7	12.4 ± 4.5	15.2 ± 4.3	15.8 ± 5.3	13.1 ± 2.4	10.8 ± 4.4
Autonomic reactions	6.4 ± 2.2	4.5 ± 0.7	6.7 ± 2.9	6.2 ± 2.9	6.4 ± 2.2	4.5 ± 0.7
Water retention	7.1 ± 1.8	7.4 ± 2.7	9.5 ± 2.8	10.2 ± 3.9	9.4 ± 3.2	9.2 ± 3.9
Negative affect	17.0 ± 2.5	13.5 ± 3.5†	15.7 ± 4.6	16.0 ± 5.4	18.0 ± 6.2	14.0 ± 6.8
Total	71.2 ± 15.2	58.5 ± 13.9†	79.5 ± 17.1	76.8 ± 19.1	80.2 ± 7.4	56.5 ± 15.3†

Values are shown as the mean ± SD, ^†p<0.05, TG: taping group; HG: hot pack group; THG: taping with hot pack group