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Pain score at rest during the first 36 h after surgery. Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. †P < 0.001, ††P < 0.01 vs. the IV-PCA group (Bonferroni corrected); *P < 0.001, **P < 0.01 vs. the IV-PCA group (Bonferroni corrected). E-PCA, epidural patient-controlled analgesia; dIV-PCA, dexmedetomidine in combination with fentanyl-based intravenous patient-controlled analgesia; IV-PCA, intravenous patient-controlled analgesia; NRS, numerical rating scale.
