Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Sep 15.
Published in final edited form as: J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2017 May 1;46(4):477–499. doi: 10.1080/15374416.2017.1310044

TABLE 2.

Sample Description for Included Studies

Study Authors, Year Study Arms Ethnicity/Race Country N (Outcome)a Included Outcomes (Informants)
Randomized Studies
Augimeri, Farrington, Koegl, & Day, 2007
  1. Group parent behavior therapy + group child behavior therapy

  2. Attention control

not rep. Canada 30 CBCL
(P)
Axberg & Broberg, 2012
  1. Group parent behavior therapy

  2. Treatment as usual

94% both parents Swedish Sweden 62
(54)
ECBI, SESBI
(P, T)
Baker-Henningham, Scott, Jones, & Walker, 2012
  1. Teacher training

  2. No treatment

not rep. Jamaica 225
(210)
DPICS, MOOSES, SESBI, SDQ, Conner, PKBS, ECBI
(P, T, O)
Behan, Fitzpatrick, Sharry, Carr, & Waldron, 2001
  1. Group parent behavior therapy

  2. No treatment

not rep. Ireland 40 PGS, SDQ, CBCL, PSI
(P)
Berkovits, O’Brien, Carter, & Eyberg, 2010
  1. Individual parent behavior therapy with child participation

  2. Self-directed parent behavior therapy

67% White
23% African American
7% Hispanic
3% Biracial
U.S. 30
(21)
ECBI
(P)
Bernal et al., 1980
  1. Individual parent behavior therapy with child participation

  2. Individual parent-focused therapy with child participation

  3. No treatment

not rep. U.S. 36 DBO, TC, Becker
(P, O)
Bjorknes & Manger, 2013
  1. Group parent behavior therapy

  2. No treatment

59% Pakistani immigrants
41% Somalian immigrants
Norway 96
(83)
CP Composite, TRF, ECBI
(P, T)
Braet et al., 2009
  1. Group parent behavior therapy

  2. No treatment

not rep. Belgium 64
(40)
CBCL, TRF
(P, T)
Bratton et al., 2013
  1. Individual child-centered play therapy

  2. Attention control

42% African American
39% Hispanic
18% Caucasian
U.S. 54 C–TRF
(T)
Chacko et al., 2015
  1. Group parent behavior therapy with child participation + Family problem-solving training

  2. Treatment as usual

51% Hispanic
31% African American
8% Caucasian
3% Native American
7% Other
U.S. 320
(306)
IOWA CRS
(P)
Christensen et al., 1980
  1. Individual parent behavior therapy with child participation

  2. Group parent behavior therapy

  3. Self-directed parent behavior therapy

not rep. U.S. 36
(28)
PBOR, Becker, CO
(P, O)
Connell, Sanders, & Markie-Dadds, 1997
  1. Self-directed parent behavior therapy

  2. No treatment

not rep. Australia 24
(23)
ECBI, PDR
(P)
Cunningham, Bremner, & Boyle, 1995
  1. Group parent behavior therapy

  2. Individual parent behavior therapy

  3. No treatment

18% immigrant Canada 150
(114)
HSQ, CBCL, CO
(P, O)
David, David, & Dobrean, 2014
  1. Group parent behavior therapy + Group parent-focused therapy

  2. No treatment

not rep. Romania 130
(106)
CBCL, TRF
(P, T)
Enebrink et al., 2012
  1. Self-directed parent behavior therapy

  2. No treatment

97% born in Sweden Sweden 104
(86)
ECBI, SDQ
(P)
Feinfield & Baker, 2004
  1. Individual parent behavior therapy with child participation + Group parent behavior therapy + Group child behavior therapy + Individual child behavior therapy

  2. No treatment

45% White
17% African American
8% Hispanic
3% Asian
27% mixed
U.S. 47 CBCL, ECBI, HSQ, TBGCR, TRF, SSQ, WMS
(P, T)
Frank, Keown, & Sanders, 2015
  1. Group parent behavior therapy

  2. No treatment

81% New Zealand European descent
9.5% Maori/Pacific Islander
9.5% Asian
New Zealand 42
(40)b
ECBI
(P)
Gardner, Burton, & Klimes, 2006
  1. Group parent behavior therapy

  2. No treatment

not rep. UK 76
(71)
ECBI, CO
(P, O)
Havighurst et al., 2013
  1. Group parent-focused therapy

  2. Treatment as usual

77.4% native English speakers
22.6% other European or Asian
Australia 54
(42)
ECBI, SESBI
(P, T)
Homem, Gaspar, Seabra-Santos, Canavarro, & Azevedo, 2014
  1. Group parent behavior therapy

  2. No treatment

not rep. Portugal 36
(33)
PACS, PKBS
(P)
Hutchings et al., 2007
  1. Group parent behavior therapy

  2. No treatment

not rep. UK 153
(116)
ECBI, DPICS, SDQ
(P, O)
Kazdin et al., 1987
  1. Individual child behavior therapy

  2. Individual child-centered play therapy

  3. Attention control

76.8% White
23.2% Black
U.S. 56
(47)
CBCL, SBCL
(P, T)
Kazdin et al., 1989
  1. Individual child behavior therapy

  2. Individual child behavior therapy with parent participation

  3. Individual child-centered play therapy

54.5% White
45.5% Black
U.S. 112
(97)
CBCL, PDR, IAB, SBCL, CATS
(P, T, C)
Kazdin, Siegel, & Bass, 1992
  1. Individual parent behavior therapy with child participation

  2. Individual child behavior therapy

  3. Individual child behavior therapy with parent participation

  4. Individual parent behavior therapy

69.1% White
30.9% Black
U.S. 97
(76)
CBCL, TRF, IAB, CATS, SDR
(P, T, C)
Kierfeld, Ise, Hanisch, Gortz-Dorten, & Dopfner, 2013
  1. Self-directed parent behavior therapy

  2. No treatment

not rep. Germany 48
(46)
CBCL, FBB-SSV
(P)
Kim, Doh, Hong, & Choi, 2011
  1. Group child behavior therapy

  2. Group parent behavior therapy + Group child behavior therapy

  3. No treatment

100% Korean South Korea 20 PSBS
(T, PR)
Kjobli & Ogden, 2012
  1. Individual parent behavior therapy

  2. Treatment as usual

93.5% Norwegian
1.9% other western European
4.6% other ethnicity
Norway 216 ECBI, HCSBS, SSBS
(P, T)
Kjobli et al., 2013
  1. Group parent behavior therapy

  2. Treatment as usual

93% Norwegian
0.7% other western European
7.3% other ethnicity
Norway 137
(126)
ECBI, HCSBS, SSBS
(P, T)
Kling et al., 2010
  1. Group parent behavior therapy

  2. Self-directed parent behavior therapy

  3. No treatment

78% Swedish
22% Immigrant
Sweden 159
(145)
ECBI, PDR
(P)
Kolko et al., 2010
  1. Individual child behavior therapy + Individual parent behavior therapy + Medication review + School consultation + Case management + Peer group engagement + Individual parent behavior therapy with child participation

  2. Treatment as usual

80% Caucasian U.S. 163
(141)
PSC-17, KSADS
(P, T)
Larsson et al., 2009
  1. Group parent behavior therapy

  2. Group parent behavior therapy + Group child behavior therapy

  3. Treatment as usual

99% native Norwegians Norway 127 ECBI, CBCL
(P)
Leung et al., 2003
  1. Group parent behavior therapy

  2. Treatment as usual

most were native born Hong Kong residents Hong Kong 91
(69)
PDR, ECBI, SDQ
(P)
Lochman, Coie, Underwood, & Terry, 1993
  1. Individual child behavior therapy + Group child behavior therapy

  2. No treatment

African-American U.S. 52 TBC, peer nomination(P, PR)
McCabe & Yeh, 2009
  1. Individual parent behavior therapy with child participation

  2. No treatment

Mexican American U.S. 58
(54)
ECBI, CBCL, DPICS, ECI
(P, O)
Meany-Walen, Bratton, & Kottman, 2014
  1. Individual child-centered play therapy

  2. Attention control

48% Latino
33% European American
19% African American
U.S. 67
(58)
TRF, DOF
(T)
Mejia, Calam, & Sanders, 2015
  1. Group parent behavior therapy

  2. No treatment

not rep. Panama 108
(94)
ECBI
(P)
Niec et al., 2016
  1. Group parent behavior therapy with child participation

  2. Individual parent behavior therapy with child participation

86% White
2% Native American
10% multi-racial
2% not reported
U.S. 94
(81)
BASC, ECBI
(P)
Nixon, Sweeney, Erickson, & Touyz, 2003
  1. Individual parent behavior therapy with child participation

  2. No treatment

95% Caucasian
5% other: Koori, Chinese, Indian
Australia 54 ECBI, CBCL, HSQ
(P)
Ogden & Hagen, 2008
  1. Individual parent behavior therapy with child participation

  2. Treatment as usual

94% Norwegian
6% other western European
Norway 112
(97)
CBCL, PDR, TRF
(P, T)
Ojiambo & Bratton, 2014
  1. Group child-centered play therapy

  2. Attention control

All ethnic groups in Uganda represented Uganda 60 CBCL, TRF
(P, T)
Patterson, Chamberlain, & Reid, 1982
  1. Individual parent behavior therapy with child participation

  2. Treatment as usual

not rep. U.S. 19 PDR,TAB
(P, O)
Peed, Roberts, & Forehand, 1977
  1. Individual parent behavior therapy with child participation

  2. No treatment

not rep. U.S. 12 BRS, Becker, CO
(P, O)
Pepler et al., 2010
  1. Group parent behavior therapy + Group child behavior therapy

  2. No treatment

41.9% Caucasian
22.6% African Canadian
3.2% Pacific Islander
3.2% Latino
3.2% Native Canadian
25.8% Other
Canada 80
(52)
CBCL, TRF
(P, T)
Perrin, Sheldrick, McMenamy, Henson, & Carter, 2014
  1. Group parent behavior therapy

  2. No treatment

Race: 74% White
12% African American
1% Asian
12% other;
Ethnicity: 18% Hispanic
U.S. 273
(194)
ECBI, DPICS, (P, O)
Porzig-Drummond, Stevenson, & Stevenson, 2015
  1. Self-directed parent behavior therapy

  2. No treatment

not rep. Australia 84
(62)
ECBI
(P)
Sanders et al., 2000
  1. Individual parent behavior therapy with child participation

  2. Individual parent behavior therapy with child participation + Addressing parent mental health needs

  3. Self-directed parent behavior therapy

  4. No treatment

predominantly Caucasian Australia 305
(254)
ECBI, PDR, FOS-R-III
(P, O)
Schuhmann, Foote, Eyberg, Boggs, & Algina, 1998
  1. Individual parent behavior therapy with child participation

  2. No treatment

77% Caucasian, not of Hispanic origin
14% African American; not of Hispanic origin
9% Hispanic, Asian, or mixed
U.S. 64
(42)
ECBI, DPICS
(P, O)
Sumi et al., 2013
  1. Individual parent behavior therapy with child participation + Individual child behavior therapy with parent participation + Teacher training

  2. No treatment

45% White
27% Hispanic
24% African American
13% English language learners
U.S. 286
(280)
SSRS, SSBD
(P, T)
Vitaro, Brendgen, Pagani, Tremblay, & McDuff, 1999
  1. Individual parent behavior therapy with child participation

  2. No treatment

100% French Caucasian Canada 73 SBQ
(P)
Walker et al., 1998
  1. Individual parent behavior therapy with child participation + Individual child behavior therapy with parent participation + Teacher training

  2. No treatment

7% minority status U.S. 42 TRF
(T)
Webster-Stratton & Hammond, 1997
  1. Group parent behavior therapy

  2. Group child behavior therapy

  3. Group parent behavior therapy + Group child behavior therapy

  4. No treatment

86% Caucasian U.S. 97 ECBI, CBCL, PBQ, DPICS, PPS-I-Care
(P, T, O)
Webster-Stratton, 1990
  1. Self-directed parent behavior therapy

  2. No treatment

not rep. U.S. 47
(43)
ECBI, CBCL, PDR, DPICS
(P, O)
Webster-Stratton, 1992
  1. Self-directed parent behavior therapy

  2. No treatment

not rep. U.S. 100 ECBI, CBCL, PBQ, PDR, DPICS
(P, T, O)
Webster-Stratton, Kolpacoff, & Hollingsworth, 1988
  1. Self-directed parent behavior therapy

  2. No treatment

not rep. U.S. 194c
(178)
ECBI, CBCL, PBQ, PDR
(P, T)
Webster-Stratton et al., 2004
  1. Group parent behavior therapy

  2. Group child behavior therapy

  3. Group child behavior therapy + Teacher training

  4. Group parent behavior therapy + Teacher training

  5. Group parent behavior therapy + Group child behavior therapy + Teacher training

  6. No treatment

79% Euro-American U.S. 159 ECBI, TASB, SHP, PCSC, MOOSES, DPICS, DPIS
(P, T, O)
Wells & Egan, 1988
  1. Individual parent behavior therapy with child participation

  2. Individual parent-focused therapy with child participation

not rep. U.S. 23
(19)
CO
(O)
Nonrandomized Studies
Abrahamse et al., 2012
  1. Individual parent behavior therapy with child participation

  2. No treatment

62% Caucasian
11% Surinamese
8% Moroccan
3% Turkish
16% other
Netherlands 95
(84)
ECBI
(P)
Abrahamse et al., 2016
  1. Individual parent behavior therapy with child participation

  2. Treatment as usual

70% Caucasian Netherlands 45
(40)
ECBI, CBCL, DPICS
(P)
Hanisch et al., 2010
  1. Group parent behavior therapy + teacher training

  2. No treatment

not rep. Germany 155
(121
CBCL, PCL, HSQ, OBDT
(P, T, O)
Leung, Tsang, Heung, & Yiu, 2009
  1. Individual parent behavior therapy with child participation

  2. No treatment

not rep. Hong Kong 130
(110)
ECBI, PSI
(P, O)
Meany-Walen, Bullis, Kottman, & Dillman Taylor, 2015
  1. Group child-centered play therapy

  2. No treatment (single case design)

100% Caucasian U.S. 2 DOF
(T)
Ollendick et al., 2016
  1. Family problem-solving training

  2. Individual parent behavior therapy with child participation

83% Caucasian
17% non-Caucasian
U.S. 134
(100)
DBDRS
(P)
Shapiro, Youngstrom, Youngstrom, & Marcinick, 2012
  1. Individual parent behavior therapy

  2. Treatment as usual

59% African American
25% Caucasian
10% Biracial
5% Hispanic
U.S. 348
(194)
CBCL, OS
(P)
Stoltz et al., 2013
  1. Individual child behavior therapy

  2. No treatment

68% Dutch
32% Immigrant
Netherlands 271
(264)
SHP, Observation
(T, O)

Note: Abbreviations for Outcomes: Becker = Bi-Polar Adjective Checklist; BRS = Behavior Rating Scale; CATS = Children’s Action Tendency Scale; CBCL = Child Behavior Checklist; ChIA = Children’s Inventory of Anger; CO = coded observation; Conner = Conner’s Global Index; CP composite = Conduct problems composite = ECBI and PDR; C–TRF = Teacher report form for children 1.5–5; DBDRS = Disruptive Behavior Disorders Rating Scale; DBO = Deviant Behavior Observation; DOF = Direct Observation Form; DPICS = Dyadic Parent–Child Interaction Coding System; DPIS = Dyadic Peer Interaction Scale; ECBI = Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory; ECI = Early Childhood Inventory; ERQ = Emotion Recognition Questionnaire; FBB-SSV = Fremdbeurteilungsbogen für Störungen des Sozialverhaltens [observation scale for social behavior problems; ODD subscale]; FOS-R-III = Revised Family Observation Schedule; HCSBS = Home and Community Social Behavior Scales; HIS = Home Interview Scale; HSQ = Home Situations Questionnaire; IAB = Interview for Antisocial Behavior; IOWA CRS = IOWA Conners Rating Scale; KSADS = Kiddie-Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia; MOOSES = Multi-Option Observation System for Experimental Studies; OBDT = Observed Behavior During the Test; OS = Ohio Scales; PACS = Parent Account of Child Symptoms; PAES = Pediatric Anger Expression Inventory; PBOR = Parent behavior observation record = PBQ = Preschool Behavior Questionnaire (teacher); PCL = Problem Checklist; PCSC = Perceived Competence Scale for Young Children; PDR = Parent Daily Report (aka PDRC = Parent Daily Report Checklist); PGS = Parent Goal Scales; PKBS = Preschool and Kindergarten Behavior Scales; PPS-I-Care = Peer problem solving interaction communication affect rating coding system; PSBS = Preschool Social Behavior Scale; PSC-17 = Pediatric Symptom Checklist; PSI = Parent Stress Index; SBCL = School Behavior Checklist; SBQ = Social Behavior Questionnaire; SDQ = Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire; SDR = Self-Report Delinquency Checklist; SESBI = Sutter-Eyberg Student Behavior Inventory; SHP = Social Health Profile; SPSM = Social Problem Solving Measure; SSBD = Systematic Screening for Behavior Disorders; SSBS = School Social Behavior Scales; SSQ = School situation questionnaire; SSRS = Social Skills Rating Scale; STAXI = State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory; TAB = Total Aversive Behavior on Family Interaction Coding System; TASB = Teacher Assessment of School Behavior; TBC = Teacher Behavior Checklist; TBGCR = Three Behavior Global Change Rating; TC = Tailored Checklist; TOCA-R = Teacher Observation of Child Adaptation-Revised; TRF = Teacher report form (CBCL); WMS = Walker–McConnell = Scale of Social Competence and School Adjustment. Abbreviations for Informants: P = Parent; T = Teacher; O = Observer or Clinician; C = Child; PR = Peer.

a

Outcome sample size is reported if sample size at post treatment assessment differs from reported sample size.

b

Number of children; study reported both parents separately.

c

114 families participated.