TABLE 2.

Sample Description for Included Studies

Study Authors, Year	Study Arms	Ethnicity/Race	Country	N (Outcome)a	Included Outcomes (Informants)
Randomized Studies
Augimeri, Farrington, Koegl, & Day, 2007	Group parent behavior therapy + group child behavior therapy Attention control	not rep.	Canada	30	CBCL (P)
Axberg & Broberg, 2012	Group parent behavior therapy Treatment as usual	94% both parents Swedish	Sweden	62 (54)	ECBI, SESBI (P, T)
Baker-Henningham, Scott, Jones, & Walker, 2012	Teacher training No treatment	not rep.	Jamaica	225 (210)	DPICS, MOOSES, SESBI, SDQ, Conner, PKBS, ECBI (P, T, O)
Behan, Fitzpatrick, Sharry, Carr, & Waldron, 2001	Group parent behavior therapy No treatment	not rep.	Ireland	40	PGS, SDQ, CBCL, PSI (P)
Berkovits, O’Brien, Carter, & Eyberg, 2010	Individual parent behavior therapy with child participation Self-directed parent behavior therapy	67% White 23% African American 7% Hispanic 3% Biracial	U.S.	30 (21)	ECBI (P)
Bernal et al., 1980	Individual parent behavior therapy with child participation Individual parent-focused therapy with child participation No treatment	not rep.	U.S.	36	DBO, TC, Becker (P, O)
Bjorknes & Manger, 2013	Group parent behavior therapy No treatment	59% Pakistani immigrants 41% Somalian immigrants	Norway	96 (83)	CP Composite, TRF, ECBI (P, T)
Braet et al., 2009	Group parent behavior therapy No treatment	not rep.	Belgium	64 (40)	CBCL, TRF (P, T)
Bratton et al., 2013	Individual child-centered play therapy Attention control	42% African American 39% Hispanic 18% Caucasian	U.S.	54	C–TRF (T)
Chacko et al., 2015	Group parent behavior therapy with child participation + Family problem-solving training Treatment as usual	51% Hispanic 31% African American 8% Caucasian 3% Native American 7% Other	U.S.	320 (306)	IOWA CRS (P)
Christensen et al., 1980	Individual parent behavior therapy with child participation Group parent behavior therapy Self-directed parent behavior therapy	not rep.	U.S.	36 (28)	PBOR, Becker, CO (P, O)
Connell, Sanders, & Markie-Dadds, 1997	Self-directed parent behavior therapy No treatment	not rep.	Australia	24 (23)	ECBI, PDR (P)
Cunningham, Bremner, & Boyle, 1995	Group parent behavior therapy Individual parent behavior therapy No treatment	18% immigrant	Canada	150 (114)	HSQ, CBCL, CO (P, O)
David, David, & Dobrean, 2014	Group parent behavior therapy + Group parent-focused therapy No treatment	not rep.	Romania	130 (106)	CBCL, TRF (P, T)
Enebrink et al., 2012	Self-directed parent behavior therapy No treatment	97% born in Sweden	Sweden	104 (86)	ECBI, SDQ (P)
Feinfield & Baker, 2004	Individual parent behavior therapy with child participation + Group parent behavior therapy + Group child behavior therapy + Individual child behavior therapy No treatment	45% White 17% African American 8% Hispanic 3% Asian 27% mixed	U.S.	47	CBCL, ECBI, HSQ, TBGCR, TRF, SSQ, WMS (P, T)
Frank, Keown, & Sanders, 2015	Group parent behavior therapy No treatment	81% New Zealand European descent 9.5% Maori/Pacific Islander 9.5% Asian	New Zealand	42 (40)b	ECBI (P)
Gardner, Burton, & Klimes, 2006	Group parent behavior therapy No treatment	not rep.	UK	76 (71)	ECBI, CO (P, O)
Havighurst et al., 2013	Group parent-focused therapy Treatment as usual	77.4% native English speakers 22.6% other European or Asian	Australia	54 (42)	ECBI, SESBI (P, T)
Homem, Gaspar, Seabra-Santos, Canavarro, & Azevedo, 2014	Group parent behavior therapy No treatment	not rep.	Portugal	36 (33)	PACS, PKBS (P)
Hutchings et al., 2007	Group parent behavior therapy No treatment	not rep.	UK	153 (116)	ECBI, DPICS, SDQ (P, O)
Kazdin et al., 1987	Individual child behavior therapy Individual child-centered play therapy Attention control	76.8% White 23.2% Black	U.S.	56 (47)	CBCL, SBCL (P, T)
Kazdin et al., 1989	Individual child behavior therapy Individual child behavior therapy with parent participation Individual child-centered play therapy	54.5% White 45.5% Black	U.S.	112 (97)	CBCL, PDR, IAB, SBCL, CATS (P, T, C)
Kazdin, Siegel, & Bass, 1992	Individual parent behavior therapy with child participation Individual child behavior therapy Individual child behavior therapy with parent participation Individual parent behavior therapy	69.1% White 30.9% Black	U.S.	97 (76)	CBCL, TRF, IAB, CATS, SDR (P, T, C)
Kierfeld, Ise, Hanisch, Gortz-Dorten, & Dopfner, 2013	Self-directed parent behavior therapy No treatment	not rep.	Germany	48 (46)	CBCL, FBB-SSV (P)
Kim, Doh, Hong, & Choi, 2011	Group child behavior therapy Group parent behavior therapy + Group child behavior therapy No treatment	100% Korean	South Korea	20	PSBS (T, PR)
Kjobli & Ogden, 2012	Individual parent behavior therapy Treatment as usual	93.5% Norwegian 1.9% other western European 4.6% other ethnicity	Norway	216	ECBI, HCSBS, SSBS (P, T)
Kjobli et al., 2013	Group parent behavior therapy Treatment as usual	93% Norwegian 0.7% other western European 7.3% other ethnicity	Norway	137 (126)	ECBI, HCSBS, SSBS (P, T)
Kling et al., 2010	Group parent behavior therapy Self-directed parent behavior therapy No treatment	78% Swedish 22% Immigrant	Sweden	159 (145)	ECBI, PDR (P)
Kolko et al., 2010	Individual child behavior therapy + Individual parent behavior therapy + Medication review + School consultation + Case management + Peer group engagement + Individual parent behavior therapy with child participation Treatment as usual	80% Caucasian	U.S.	163 (141)	PSC-17, KSADS (P, T)
Larsson et al., 2009	Group parent behavior therapy Group parent behavior therapy + Group child behavior therapy Treatment as usual	99% native Norwegians	Norway	127	ECBI, CBCL (P)
Leung et al., 2003	Group parent behavior therapy Treatment as usual	most were native born Hong Kong residents	Hong Kong	91 (69)	PDR, ECBI, SDQ (P)
Lochman, Coie, Underwood, & Terry, 1993	Individual child behavior therapy + Group child behavior therapy No treatment	African-American	U.S.	52	TBC, peer nomination(P, PR)
McCabe & Yeh, 2009	Individual parent behavior therapy with child participation No treatment	Mexican American	U.S.	58 (54)	ECBI, CBCL, DPICS, ECI (P, O)
Meany-Walen, Bratton, & Kottman, 2014	Individual child-centered play therapy Attention control	48% Latino 33% European American 19% African American	U.S.	67 (58)	TRF, DOF (T)
Mejia, Calam, & Sanders, 2015	Group parent behavior therapy No treatment	not rep.	Panama	108 (94)	ECBI (P)
Niec et al., 2016	Group parent behavior therapy with child participation Individual parent behavior therapy with child participation	86% White 2% Native American 10% multi-racial 2% not reported	U.S.	94 (81)	BASC, ECBI (P)
Nixon, Sweeney, Erickson, & Touyz, 2003	Individual parent behavior therapy with child participation No treatment	95% Caucasian 5% other: Koori, Chinese, Indian	Australia	54	ECBI, CBCL, HSQ (P)
Ogden & Hagen, 2008	Individual parent behavior therapy with child participation Treatment as usual	94% Norwegian 6% other western European	Norway	112 (97)	CBCL, PDR, TRF (P, T)
Ojiambo & Bratton, 2014	Group child-centered play therapy Attention control	All ethnic groups in Uganda represented	Uganda	60	CBCL, TRF (P, T)
Patterson, Chamberlain, & Reid, 1982	Individual parent behavior therapy with child participation Treatment as usual	not rep.	U.S.	19	PDR,TAB (P, O)
Peed, Roberts, & Forehand, 1977	Individual parent behavior therapy with child participation No treatment	not rep.	U.S.	12	BRS, Becker, CO (P, O)
Pepler et al., 2010	Group parent behavior therapy + Group child behavior therapy No treatment	41.9% Caucasian 22.6% African Canadian 3.2% Pacific Islander 3.2% Latino 3.2% Native Canadian 25.8% Other	Canada	80 (52)	CBCL, TRF (P, T)
Perrin, Sheldrick, McMenamy, Henson, & Carter, 2014	Group parent behavior therapy No treatment	Race: 74% White 12% African American 1% Asian 12% other; Ethnicity: 18% Hispanic	U.S.	273 (194)	ECBI, DPICS, (P, O)
Porzig-Drummond, Stevenson, & Stevenson, 2015	Self-directed parent behavior therapy No treatment	not rep.	Australia	84 (62)	ECBI (P)
Sanders et al., 2000	Individual parent behavior therapy with child participation Individual parent behavior therapy with child participation + Addressing parent mental health needs Self-directed parent behavior therapy No treatment	predominantly Caucasian	Australia	305 (254)	ECBI, PDR, FOS-R-III (P, O)
Schuhmann, Foote, Eyberg, Boggs, & Algina, 1998	Individual parent behavior therapy with child participation No treatment	77% Caucasian, not of Hispanic origin 14% African American; not of Hispanic origin 9% Hispanic, Asian, or mixed	U.S.	64 (42)	ECBI, DPICS (P, O)
Sumi et al., 2013	Individual parent behavior therapy with child participation + Individual child behavior therapy with parent participation + Teacher training No treatment	45% White 27% Hispanic 24% African American 13% English language learners	U.S.	286 (280)	SSRS, SSBD (P, T)
Vitaro, Brendgen, Pagani, Tremblay, & McDuff, 1999	Individual parent behavior therapy with child participation No treatment	100% French Caucasian	Canada	73	SBQ (P)
Walker et al., 1998	Individual parent behavior therapy with child participation + Individual child behavior therapy with parent participation + Teacher training No treatment	7% minority status	U.S.	42	TRF (T)
Webster-Stratton & Hammond, 1997	Group parent behavior therapy Group child behavior therapy Group parent behavior therapy + Group child behavior therapy No treatment	86% Caucasian	U.S.	97	ECBI, CBCL, PBQ, DPICS, PPS-I-Care (P, T, O)
Webster-Stratton, 1990	Self-directed parent behavior therapy No treatment	not rep.	U.S.	47 (43)	ECBI, CBCL, PDR, DPICS (P, O)
Webster-Stratton, 1992	Self-directed parent behavior therapy No treatment	not rep.	U.S.	100	ECBI, CBCL, PBQ, PDR, DPICS (P, T, O)
Webster-Stratton, Kolpacoff, & Hollingsworth, 1988	Self-directed parent behavior therapy No treatment	not rep.	U.S.	194c (178)	ECBI, CBCL, PBQ, PDR (P, T)
Webster-Stratton et al., 2004	Group parent behavior therapy Group child behavior therapy Group child behavior therapy + Teacher training Group parent behavior therapy + Teacher training Group parent behavior therapy + Group child behavior therapy + Teacher training No treatment	79% Euro-American	U.S.	159	ECBI, TASB, SHP, PCSC, MOOSES, DPICS, DPIS (P, T, O)
Wells & Egan, 1988	Individual parent behavior therapy with child participation Individual parent-focused therapy with child participation	not rep.	U.S.	23 (19)	CO (O)
Nonrandomized Studies
Abrahamse et al., 2012	Individual parent behavior therapy with child participation No treatment	62% Caucasian 11% Surinamese 8% Moroccan 3% Turkish 16% other	Netherlands	95 (84)	ECBI (P)
Abrahamse et al., 2016	Individual parent behavior therapy with child participation Treatment as usual	70% Caucasian	Netherlands	45 (40)	ECBI, CBCL, DPICS (P)
Hanisch et al., 2010	Group parent behavior therapy + teacher training No treatment	not rep.	Germany	155 (121	CBCL, PCL, HSQ, OBDT (P, T, O)
Leung, Tsang, Heung, & Yiu, 2009	Individual parent behavior therapy with child participation No treatment	not rep.	Hong Kong	130 (110)	ECBI, PSI (P, O)
Meany-Walen, Bullis, Kottman, & Dillman Taylor, 2015	Group child-centered play therapy No treatment (single case design)	100% Caucasian	U.S.	2	DOF (T)
Ollendick et al., 2016	Family problem-solving training Individual parent behavior therapy with child participation	83% Caucasian 17% non-Caucasian	U.S.	134 (100)	DBDRS (P)
Shapiro, Youngstrom, Youngstrom, & Marcinick, 2012	Individual parent behavior therapy Treatment as usual	59% African American 25% Caucasian 10% Biracial 5% Hispanic	U.S.	348 (194)	CBCL, OS (P)
Stoltz et al., 2013	Individual child behavior therapy No treatment	68% Dutch 32% Immigrant	Netherlands	271 (264)	SHP, Observation (T, O)

Note: Abbreviations for Outcomes: Becker = Bi-Polar Adjective Checklist; BRS = Behavior Rating Scale; CATS = Children’s Action Tendency Scale; CBCL = Child Behavior Checklist; ChIA = Children’s Inventory of Anger; CO = coded observation; Conner = Conner’s Global Index; CP composite = Conduct problems composite = ECBI and PDR; C–TRF = Teacher report form for children 1.5–5; DBDRS = Disruptive Behavior Disorders Rating Scale; DBO = Deviant Behavior Observation; DOF = Direct Observation Form; DPICS = Dyadic Parent–Child Interaction Coding System; DPIS = Dyadic Peer Interaction Scale; ECBI = Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory; ECI = Early Childhood Inventory; ERQ = Emotion Recognition Questionnaire; FBB-SSV = Fremdbeurteilungsbogen für Störungen des Sozialverhaltens [observation scale for social behavior problems; ODD subscale]; FOS-R-III = Revised Family Observation Schedule; HCSBS = Home and Community Social Behavior Scales; HIS = Home Interview Scale; HSQ = Home Situations Questionnaire; IAB = Interview for Antisocial Behavior; IOWA CRS = IOWA Conners Rating Scale; KSADS = Kiddie-Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia; MOOSES = Multi-Option Observation System for Experimental Studies; OBDT = Observed Behavior During the Test; OS = Ohio Scales; PACS = Parent Account of Child Symptoms; PAES = Pediatric Anger Expression Inventory; PBOR = Parent behavior observation record = PBQ = Preschool Behavior Questionnaire (teacher); PCL = Problem Checklist; PCSC = Perceived Competence Scale for Young Children; PDR = Parent Daily Report (aka PDRC = Parent Daily Report Checklist); PGS = Parent Goal Scales; PKBS = Preschool and Kindergarten Behavior Scales; PPS-I-Care = Peer problem solving interaction communication affect rating coding system; PSBS = Preschool Social Behavior Scale; PSC-17 = Pediatric Symptom Checklist; PSI = Parent Stress Index; SBCL = School Behavior Checklist; SBQ = Social Behavior Questionnaire; SDQ = Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire; SDR = Self-Report Delinquency Checklist; SESBI = Sutter-Eyberg Student Behavior Inventory; SHP = Social Health Profile; SPSM = Social Problem Solving Measure; SSBD = Systematic Screening for Behavior Disorders; SSBS = School Social Behavior Scales; SSQ = School situation questionnaire; SSRS = Social Skills Rating Scale; STAXI = State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory; TAB = Total Aversive Behavior on Family Interaction Coding System; TASB = Teacher Assessment of School Behavior; TBC = Teacher Behavior Checklist; TBGCR = Three Behavior Global Change Rating; TC = Tailored Checklist; TOCA-R = Teacher Observation of Child Adaptation-Revised; TRF = Teacher report form (CBCL); WMS = Walker–McConnell = Scale of Social Competence and School Adjustment. Abbreviations for Informants: P = Parent; T = Teacher; O = Observer or Clinician; C = Child; PR = Peer.

^aOutcome sample size is reported if sample size at post treatment assessment differs from reported sample size.

^bNumber of children; study reported both parents separately.

^c114 families participated.