. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Sep 15.

Published in final edited form as: J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2017 May 1;46(4):477–499. doi: 10.1080/15374416.2017.1310044

TABLE 3.

Treatment Family and Qualifying Studies, by Level of Evidence

Treatment Family	Qualifying Studies	Gender: % Male	Age in Years: Range (M)	Program	Effect Size^a	Follow-Up	No. of Effects Maintained
Level 1: Well-Established
Group parent behavior therapy	Superior to alternate treatment
Group parent behavior therapy	Axberg & Broberg, 2012	84	4–8	Incredible Years Basic	−0.99	1 year	2 of 4
	Kjobli et al., 2013	63	3–12 (9)	PMTO (Norway)	N/A	None	—
	Kling et al., 2010	60	3–10 (6)	COMET	−0.97	6 months	2 of 3 (further improvement) (1 of 3 delayed improvement)
	Larsson et al., 2009	80	4–8 (7)	Incredible Years Basic	−1.41	1 year	0
	Leung et al., 2003	64	3–7 (4)	Triple P (Level 4)	−0.77	None	—
	Equivalent to alternate treatment
	Christensen et al., 1980	78	4–12	PMTO	N/A	None	—
	Cunningham et al., 1995	51	5–6 (Kindergarten)	unnamed	0.02	6 months	1 of 3 (delayed improvement)
	Webster-Strattonet al., 2004	90	4–8 (6)	Incredible Years Basic	−0.64	1 year	3 of 3
Individual parent behavior therapy with child participation	Superior to alternate treatment
Individual parent behavior therapy with child participation	Bernal et al., 1980	86	5–12 (8)	Behavioral parent training	N/A	6 months	3 of 4 (further improvement)
	Ogden & Hagen, 2008	80	4–12 (8)	PMTO (Norway)	−0.54	None	—
	Patterson et al., 1982	68	3–12 (7)	OSLC	−1.11	None	—
	Wells & Egan, 1988	not rep.^b	3–8	Social learning parent training (Hanf model)	−3.68	None
	Equivalent to alternate treatment
	Berkovits et al., 2010	70	3–6 (4)	Abbreviated PCIT	−1.43	6 month	0
	Christensen et al., 1980	78	4–12	PMTO	N/A	None	—
	Kazdin et al., 1992	78	7–13 (11)	Parent Management Training	−0.46	1 year	1 (of 7) (1 delayed, 3 decayed and 2 no effect)
	Sanders et al., 2000	68	3–4 (3)	Triple P Precursor^c	−0.55	1 year	2 (2 no effect, 1 delayed)
Level 2: Probably Efficacious
Group parent behavior therapy + group child behavior therapy	Superior to alternate treatment
	Augimeri et al., 2007	73	< 12 (9)	SNAP Under 12 Outreach Program	N/A	18 months	2 of 2
	Equivalent to alternate treatment
	Larsson et al., 2009	80	4–8 (7)	Incredible Years Basic + Dinosaur School (Norway)	−1.11	1 year	5 of 6 no effect
Group parent behavior therapy with child participation + Family problem-solving training	Superior to alternate treatment
	Chacko et al., 2015	68	7–11 (9)	Multiple Family Group	−0.46	None	—
Group parent behavior therapy with child participation	Equivalent to well-established treatment
Group parent behavior therapy with child participation	Niec et al., 2016	72	3–6 (4)	Group Parent-Child Interaction Therapy	N/A	None	—
Individual parent behavior therapy	Superior to alternate treatment
Individual parent behavior therapy	Kjobli & Ogden, 2012	58	3–12 (7)	Brief PMTO (Norway)	−0.53	None	—
	Equivalent to alternate treatment
	Cunningham et al., 1995	51	5–6 (Kindergarten)	unnamed	N/A	None	—
Individual parent behavior therapy with child participation + individual child behavior therapy with parent participation + teacher training	Superior to no treatment
	Sumi et al., 2013	77	1st–3rd grade (8)	First Step to Success	−0.53	1 year	2 (1 delayed, 2 no effect)
	Walker et al., 1998	74	Kindergarten	First Step to Success	−1.08	1–2 years	2 of 2
Self-directed parent behavior therapy	Superior to no treatment
Self-directed parent behavior therapy	Connell et al., 1997	43	2–6 (4)	Every Parent	−1.74	4 months	5 (3 delayed)
	Enebrink et al., 2012	58	3–12 (7)	COMET	−1.65	6 months	3 of 3
	Kierfeld et al., 2013	50	3–6	THOP	−1.12	None	—
	Kling et al., 2010	60	3–10 (6)	COMET	−0.52	6 months	3 of 3 further improvement
	Porzig-Drummond et al., 2015	50	2–10 (5)	1–2-3 Magic	N/A	6 months	2 of 2
	Webster-Stratton, 1992	72	3–8 (5)	Incredible Years Precursor^d	−0.88	1 year;	7 of 10; (3 of 10 delayed improvement)
	Equivalent to no treatment
	Sanders et al., 2000	68	3–4 (3)	Self-Directed Behavioral Family Intervention	−0.55	1 year	2 (1 delayed, 2 no effect)
	Webster-Strattonet al., 1988	69	3–8	Incredible Years Precursor	−0.86	None	—
	Webster-Stratton, 1990	91	3–8 (5)	Incredible Years Precursor	−0.76	None	—
Group child behavior therapy	Superior to no treatment
	Kim et al., 2011	75	4–5	unnamed	−0.94	None	—
	Webster-Stratto et al., 2004	90	4–8 (6)	Incredible Years Dinosaur School	−0.32	1 year	2 of 3
Group child behavior therapy + teacher training	Equivalent to well-established treatment
Group child behavior therapy + teacher training	Webster-Stratton et al., 2004	90	4–8 (6)	Incredible Years Dinosaur School plus Teacher Training	−0.75	1 year	2 of 3
Individual child behavior therapy	Superior to alternate treatment
Individual child behavior therapy	Kazdin et al., 1987	80	7–13 (11)	Problem Solving Skills Training	−1.80	1 year	2 of 2
	Kazdin et al., 1989	78	7–12 (11)	Problem Solving Skills Training	−0.77	1 year	3 of 3 (delayed effect)
Individual child behavior therapy with parent participation	Superior to alternate treatment
Individual child behavior therapy with parent participation	Kazdin et al., 1989	78	7–12 (11)	Problem Solving Skills Training with in vivo practice	−1.34	1 year	3 of 3
	Kazdin et al., 1992	78	7–13 (11)	Problem Solving Skills Training with in vivo practice	−0.84	1 year	6 of 7
Group parent-focused therapy	Superior to alternate treatment
	Havighurst et al., 2013	78	4–6 (6)	Tuning Into Kids	−1.22	6 months	2 of 2 (different measure than reported at posttest)
Group child-centered play therapy	Superior to alternate treatment
Group child-centered play therapy	Ojiambo & Bratton, 2014	50	10–12	Group Activity Play Therapy	−0.91	None	—
Individual child-centered play therapy	Superior to alternate treatment
Individual child-centered play therapy	Meany-Walen et al., 2014	79	5–9 (6)	Adlerian Play Therapy	−0.99	None	—
Level 3: Possibly Efficacious
Group parent behavior therapy + individual parent behavior therapy with child participation + group child behavior therapy + individual child behavior therapy	Superior to no treatment
	Feinfield & Baker, 2004	86	4–8 (7)	Project TEAM	−0.55	5 months	3 of 3 decayed
Group parent behavior therapy + group parent-focused therapy	Superior to no treatment
	David et al., 2014	48	4–12 (6)	Rational Positive Parenting Program	−0.35	1 month	1 of 2
Group parent behavior therapy + teacher training + group child behavior therapy	Superior to no treatment
	Webster-Stratton et al., 2004	90	4–8 (6)	Incredible Years Basic plus Teacher Training plus Dinosaur School	−0.66	1 year	2 of 3
Group parent behavior therapy + teacher training	Superior to no treatment
Group parent behavior therapy + teacher training	Webster-Stratton et al., 2004	90	4–8 (6)	Incredible Years Basic plus Teacher Training	−0.73	1 year	3 of 3
Individual parent behavior therapy with child participation + addressing parental mental health needs	Superior to no treatment
	Sanders et al., 2000	68	3–4 (3)	Enhanced Behavioral Family Intervention	−1.00	1 year	5 of 5
Group child behavior therapy + individual child behavior therapy	Superior to no treatment
	Lochman et al., 1993	52	third grade	unnamed	N/A	None	—
Teacher training	Superior to no treatment
	Baker-Henningham et al., 2012	61	3–6	Incredible Years Teacher Training	−0.34	None	—
Level 4: Experimental
Family problem-solving training	Not yet tested in a randomized trial
Family problem-solving training	Ollendick et al., 2016	62	7–14 (9)	Collaborative & Proactive Solutions	N/A	6 months	2 of 2

Note. COMET = Communication Method program; OSLO = Oregon Social Learning Center program; PCIT = Parent-Child Interaction Therapy; PMTO = Parent Management Training Oregon; SNAP = Stop Now and Plan; THOP = Therapy program for children with hyperkinetic and oppositional problem behavior.

Effect sizes shown represent a simple baseline to posttest change (as a function of baseline standard deviation) among the treatment group based on available data. These effect sizes should not be compared with effect sizes calculated using other methods more typically used in meta-analysis that would incorporate the correlation between baseline and posttest scores into the effect size.

Boys and girls included, but proportion not reported.

Name of program: Standard Behavioral Family Intervention.

Name of program: Individually administered videotape modeling parent training program (IVM).