(A) Live S.aureus CFUs on skin of non-AD subjects and on nonlesional and lesional skin of subjects with AD. Bar, median. (B) Shannon diversity index of bacterial community on skin from non-AD and S.aureus culture–positive or S.aureus culture– negative subjects with AD. Data are shown as box and whisker plots. (C) Principal coordinate analysis plot analysis displaying composition of bacterial communities on non-AD and S.aureus culture–positive or S.aureus culture–negative subjects with AD. SA+, S.aureus culture–positive; SA−, S.aureus culture–negative; L, lesional; NL, nonlesional. (D) Ratio of Staphylococcus spp. CFU abundance determined by live colony counting compared to rCFU of Staphylococcus determined by qPCR with species-specific primers. Bar, median. P values were calculated by two-tailed paired t test for lesional versus nonlesional samples or two-tailed independent t test for non-AD versus AD groups.