Table 1.
Characteristics of mother-child pairs according to self-reported maternal hypertensive disorders of pregnancy
| Self-reported maternal hypertensive disorders of pregnancy
|
P for differences | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| No | Yes | ||
| No. of subjects | 1172 | 91 | |
| Maternal characteristics | |||
| Age (years) | 32.3 (3.5) | 33.0 (3.6) | 0.108 |
| Pre-pregnancy body mass index (kg/m2) | 22.9 (3.2) | 25.1 (3.6) | <0.001 |
| Fasting glucose at 26–30 gestational weeks (mmol/l) | 5.3 (0.8) | 5.5 (0.8) | 0.037 |
| 2-hour glucose at 26–30 gestational weeks (mmol/l) | 9.1 (1.3) | 9.4 (1.3) | 0.035 |
| HbA1c at 26–30 gestational weeks (n=1108)a | 5.8 (0.6) | 5.9 (0.6) | 0.073 |
| History of gestational diabetes mellitus treatments (%) | 0.079 | ||
| Yes | 83.7 | 91.1 | |
| No | 16.3 | 8.9 | |
| Gestational weight gain | |||
| Means (kg) | 16.6 (5.8) | 19.0 (7.0) | 0.002 |
| Categories (%)b | <0.001 | ||
| Inadequate | 12.8 | 6.6 | |
| Adequate | 32.4 | 15.4 | |
| Excessive | 54.8 | 78.0 | |
| Current smoking (%) | 1.9 | 3.3 | 0.349 |
| Education (%) | 0.216 | ||
| <13 years | 22.0 | 29.7 | |
| 13–16 years | 70.4 | 64.8 | |
| ≥16 years | 7.6 | 5.5 | |
| Family income (yuan/month, %) | 0.127 | ||
| <5000 | 26.9 | 36.3 | |
| 5000–8000 | 37.0 | 35.2 | |
| ≥8000 | 36.1 | 28.6 | |
| Family history of hypertension (%) | 49.1 | 54.9 | 0.280 |
| Family history of diabetes (%) | 34.2 | 39.2 | 0.369 |
| Offspring characteristics | |||
| Newborn | |||
| Gestational weeks of birth (weeks) | 39.1 (1.5) | 38.6 (1.8) | 0.003 |
| Sex (boys %) | 52.3 | 62.6 | 0.057 |
| Birth weight (g) | 3540 (517) | 3619 (613) | 0.235 |
| Birth recumbent length (cm) | 50.8 (2.0) | 51.1 (2.6) | 0.206 |
| At baseline survey of 1–5 years old | |||
| Age (months) | 26.8 (10.5) | 28.1 (10.3) | 0.273 |
| Weight (kg) | 13.4 (2.8) | 14.6 (3.2) | <0.001 |
| Height (cm) | 90.5 (8.4) | 92.2 (8.5) | 0.056 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 16.1 (1.5) | 16.9 (1.7) | <0.001 |
| Breast feeding (%) | 0.008 | ||
| Exclusive breast feeding ≥6 months | 42.1 | 26.4 | |
| Exclusive breast feeding <6 months | 2.1 | 1.1 | |
| Mixed feeding | 42.2 | 49.5 | |
| Exclusive formula feeding | 13.7 | 23.1 | |
Data are means (SD) or percentage. T-test and chi-square tests were used to assess the difference between two groups.
HbA1c measurements at 26–30 gestational weeks were available from 2006 among 1108 women including 79 women had maternal hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.
Gestational weight gain categories: Inadequate (1): <12.5 kg (pre-pregnancy BMI <18.5 kg/m2), <11.5 kg (BMI 18.5–23.9 kg/m2), <7 kg (BMI 24.0–27.9 kg/m2), and <5 kg (BMI >28 kg/m2); Adequate (1): 12.5–18 kg (BMI <18.5 kg/m2), 11.5–16 kg (BMI 18.5–23.9 kg/m2), 7–11.5 kg (BMI 24.0–27.9 kg/m2), and 5–9 kg (BMI >28 kg/m2); Excessive (1): >18 kg (BMI <18.5 kg/m2), >16 kg (BMI 18.5–23.9 kg/m2), >11.5 kg (BMI 24.0–27.9 kg/m2), and >9 kg (BMI >28 kg/m2), according to the Chinese maternal pre-pregnancy BMI classification standard and the 2009 IOM GWG recommendations.