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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Sep 19.
Published in final edited form as: J Hum Hypertens. 2017 Mar 16;31(11):731–736. doi: 10.1038/jhh.2017.17

Table 3.

Mean values of Z scores for weight for age, length/height for age, and body mass index for age, as well as prevalence and odds ratio of overweight/obesity among offspring at 1–5 years old according to self-reported maternal hypertensive disorders of pregnancy

Maternal hypertensive disorders of pregnancy
P-value
No Yes
No. of subjects 1172 91
Weight for age Z score
 Model 1a 0.64 (0.03) 0.96 (0.10) 0.002
 Model 2b 0.64 (0.03) 0.94 (0.09) 0.003
 Model 3c 0.64 (0.03) 0.98 (0.10) 0.002
Length/height for age Z score
 Model 1a 0.79 (0.03) 0.91 (0.11) 0.272
 Model 2b 0.79 (0.03) 0.88 (0.10) 0.388
 Model 3c 0.82 (0.03) 0.89 (0.11) 0.547
Weight for length/height Z score
 Model 1a 0.31 (0.03) 0.68 (0.11) 0.001
 Model 2b 0.31 (0.03) 0.67 (0.11) 0.001
 Model 3c 0.30 (0.03) 0.72 (0.11) 0.001
Body mass index for age Z score
 Model 1a 0.24 (0.03) 0.60 (0.11) 0.002
 Model 2b 0.24 (0.03) 0.59 (0.11) 0.002
 Model 3c 0.22 (0.03) 0.62 (0.11) 0.001
Change in weight for age Z score from birth to 1–5 years old
 Model 1a 0.24 (0.04) 0.45 (0.14) 0.125
 Model 2b 0.23 (0.03) 0.54 (0.10) 0.003
 Model 3c 0.25 (0.03) 0.59 (0.10) 0.002
Change in weight for height Z score from birth to 1–5 years old
 Model 1a −0.04 (0.04) 0.27 (0.15) 0.045
 Model 2b −0.04 (0.03) 0.32 (0.11) 0.001
 Model 3c −0.05 (0.03) 0.37 (0.11) 0.001
Prevalence of overweight/obesity (%)d
 Model 1a 19.0 (0.01) 31.9 (0.04) 0.003
 Model 2b 19.0 (0.01) 31.7 (0.04) 0.004
 Model 3c 18.8 (0.01) 31.2 (0.04) 0.008
Odds ratio of overweight/obesity
 Model 1a 1.00 1.90 (1.18, 3.06) 0.009
 Model 2b 1.00 1.88 (1.16, 3.04) 0.010
 Model 3c 1.00 1.86 (1.10, 3.13) 0.020

Data are mean (SE), percentage or odds ratio (95% confidence interval).

a

Model 1 was adjusted for maternal age, family history of hypertension, family history of diabetes, history of GDM treatments, education, income, smoking, gestational weeks of birth, pre-pregnancy BMI, weight gain during pregnancy, and infant feeding.

b

Model 2 was adjusted for all variables in model 1 and also birth weight for gestational age Z score in analyses of weight for age Z score and change in weight for age Z score from birth to 1–5 years old, birth length for gestational age Z score in analyses of length/height for age Z score, birth weight for length Z score in analyses of changes in weight for length/height Z score, body mass index for age Z score and change in weight for height Z score from birth to 1–5 years old and odd ratio of overweight/obesity.

c

Model 3 was adjusted for all variables in model 2 and also adjusted for HbA1c at 26–30 gestational weeks (n=1108, 79 women had maternal hypertensive disorders of pregnancy).

d

Overweight and obesity is defined as a body mass index higher than the 85th percentiles for age and gender using the WHO growth reference.