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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: Prog Retin Eye Res. 2017 Aug 12;60:44–65. doi: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.08.001

Fig. 1. Smad and Smad-independent signaling pathways downstream of TGFβ.

Fig. 1

TGFβ binds to its receptors and the activated receptor complexes relay the signal to the cytoplasm by phosphorylating receptor-regulated Smad proteins (Smad2/3) that hetero-oligomerize with Smad4. This complex then translocates to the nucleus and regulates the transcription of respective target genes. TGFβ can also activate non-Smad signaling pathways including ERK1/2, JNK, p38, Rho/ROCK and PI3K/Akt/mTOR.