Figure 2.

Semantic functional network: modules, hubs, and their cognitive functions. (A) The organization of the intrinsic functional network of semantic processing. Left: the semantic network showing nodes and edges, with nodes defined as the regions consistently activated during semantic processing obtained from a meta-analysis (Binder et al., 2009), and edges defined as the resting-state functional connectivity strength; Middle: the modules of the semantic network obtained by applying a graph-theoretic approach to the underlying connection patterns. Right: The connector hubs linking the three modules. Reproduced with permission from Xu et al. (2016). (B) Example results from task-evoked fMRI studies that shed light on the functions of the three modules. Left: The conjunction areas of five semantic aspects including shape, sound, motion, color, and manipulation from 900 words, which resemble the areas of Module DMN. Reprinted with permission from Fernandino et al. (2016); Middle: High-level linguistic processing regions generated from the group-level language localizer from 220 participants, which resemble the brain areas of Module PSN (https://evlab.mit.edu/funcloc/download-parcels); Right: The semantic control areas generated from a meta-analysis of 53 studies, which resemble the areas of Module lFPN. Reproduced with permission from Noonan et al. (2013).