Table 1.

Regional task-based neuroimaging and stimulation results of brain areas in the semantic system, organized by the three network modules and connector hubs revealed by the graph-based analyses.

Semantic components	Empirical findings			Semantic modules			Semantic hubs
	Properties	Methodsa	Tasks/Contrastsb	DMN	PSN	lFPN	ATL	pMTG	pIPS	AGc
Multimodal experiential	Memory-based simulation	Activation	Navigation, Prospection, Autobiographical Memory Retrieval, Theory of Mind (Meta-analysise: Spreng et al., 2009)	Spreng et al., 2009			Spreng et al., 2009			Posterior Parts: Spreng et al., 2009
	Multimodal integration	Connection	Converging Areas Tracing Functional Connectivity From Multiple Modality-specific Areas (Sepulcre et al., 2012)	Sepulcre et al., 2012			Sepulcre et al., 2012			Sepulcre et al., 2012
		Activation	Activation Overlaps for Attributes of Color, Motion, Shape, Sound, and Manipulation (Fernandino et al., 2016)	Fernandino et al., 2016						Fernandino et al., 2016
	Modulation by the richness of experience	Activation	Concrete − Abstract (Binder et al., 2005; Sabsevitz et al., 2005; Wang et al., 2010; Hoffman et al., 2015) (Meta-analysis: Wang et al., 2010) Famous − General (Sugiura et al., 2006; Wang et al., 2016) Personal − Unfamiliar (Sugiura et al., 2006)	Binder et al., 2005; Sabsevitz et al., 2005; Sugiura et al., 2006; Wang et al., 2010, 2016; Hoffman et al., 2015			Medial, Ventral and Lateral Parts: Sugiura et al., 2006; Hoffman et al., 2015; Wang et al., 2016			Posterior Parts: Binder et al., 2005; Sabsevitz et al., 2005; Wang et al., 2010; Hoffman et al., 2015
Language supported	Linguistic specificity	Activation	Sentences − Nonword lists Not in Contrasts of Arithmetic, Working memory, Control, and Music (Fedorenko et al., 2011)		Fedorenko et al., 2011		Fedorenko et al., 2011	Fedorenko et al., 2011		Fedorenko et al., 2011
	Verbal and nonverbal semantic processing	TMS	Word Semantic Association − Perceptual Association (Pobric et al., 2010; Hoffman et al., 2012) Picture Semantic Association − Perceptual Association (Pobric et al., 2010; Hoffman et al., 2012) Synonym Judgment − Number Judgement (Pobric et al., 2007) Category Decision − Phonologic Decision (Hartwigsen et al., 2015)		Pobric et al., 2007, 2010; Hoffman et al., 2012; Hartwigsen et al., 2015		Pobric et al., 2007, 2010	Hoffman et al., 2012		Hartwigsen et al., 2015
	Modulation by the dependency of linguistic associations	Activation	Abstract − Concrete (Binder et al., 2005; Sabsevitz et al., 2005; Wang et al., 2010; Hoffman et al., 2015) (Meta-analysis: Wang et al., 2010) Idiomatic − Literal (Lauro et al., 2008; Boulenger et al., 2009)		Binder et al., 2005; Sabsevitz et al., 2005; Lauro et al., 2008; Boulenger et al., 2009; Wang et al., 2010; Hoffman et al., 2015		Lateral and Dorsal Parts: Binder et al., 2005; Sabsevitz et al., 2005; Lauro et al., 2008; Boulenger et al., 2009; Wang et al., 2010; Hoffman et al., 2015	Sabsevitz et al., 2005; Lauro et al., 2008; Boulenger et al., 2009; Hoffman et al., 2015		Anterior Parts: Lauro et al., 2008; Hoffman et al., 2015
Semantic control	Modulation by the difficulty of semantic tasksd	Activation	High − Low Semantic Control (Meta-analysis: Noonan et al., 2013)			Noonan et al., 2013		Noonan et al., 2013		Dorsal Parts: Noonan et al., 2013
		TMS	Weak − Strong Semantic Association (Whitney et al., 2011, 2012) Attribute − Global Semantic Association (Whitney et al., 2012) Cyclical Picture Naming of Semantic-related Sets − Semantic-unrelated Sets (Krieger-Redwood and Jefferies, 2014) Identity Matching of Word-picture Associations at Superordinate Level − Specific Level (Davey et al., 2015) Thematic Matching of Week − Strong Word Picture Associations (Davey et al., 2015)			Whitney et al., 2011, 2012; Krieger-Redwood and Jefferies, 2014		Whitney et al., 2011, 2012; Krieger-Redwood and Jefferies, 2014; Davey et al., 2015	Whitney et al., 2012	Dorsal Parts: Whitney et al., 2012
		Activation	Attribute − Global Semantic Association (Badre et al., 2005; Davey et al., 2016)			Badre et al., 2005; Davey et al., 2016			Badre et al., 2005; Davey et al., 2016	Dorsal Parts: Badre et al., 2005; Davey et al., 2016

^aActivation is the method using univariate analysis in fMRI or PET studies; connection is the method using functional connectivity in fMRI studies.

^bFor the method of activation, we list the tasks or contrasts that induce activation of specific modules or hubs; for the method of TMS, we list the tasks or contrasts that were disrupted while TMS to regions in specific modules or hubs.

^cAlso containing areas around the AG.

^dFor the contrasts, the former tasks are assumed to require greater control demand than the latter.

^eThe meta-analyses studies are highlighted in bold.