FIGURE 4.

The effects of KP on HeLa cell migration and invasion. (A) Scratch wounds of monolayers HeLa cells treated with KP extract (0.01, 0.05, and 0.1 mg/mL) for 40 h. Cell migration was monitored with 4x magnification, and phase-contrast images of cell migration were taken at the time of the scratch and at 24 and 40 h post-scratch. (B) Quantitative analysis of cell migration into the scratch wound at 40 h post-scratch. Data are expressed as mean ± SD. Asterisks indicate significantly different from the control groups (untreated groups) (^∗p < 0.05). (C) Representative images of HeLa cell invasion treated with KP extract (0.01, 0.05, and 0.1 mg/mL) and examined by the Transwell invasion assay. Vehicle is the control group where cells were treated with the highest concentration of DMSO (0.01%) which corresponded to the concentration present in 0.1 mg/mL of KP. (D) Quantitative analysis of percent of cell invasion in KP-treated cells compared to the vehicle control. Data are representative of three replicates and are expressed as mean ± SD. ^∗p < 0.05 compared with the vehicle control.