Figure 3. Different cytokines stimuli direct the effects of M1- and M2-like polarization.

Here, we summarize key signaling mediators and receptors in common and distinct pathways. (A) IL-4-stimulated Stat6 activation is mediated by Jak1, which is required for M2-like polarization. (B) IL-6-treated macrophage polarization is induced by the activation of Jak2/Stat3 signaling pathway. (C) Jak2 and Tyk2 are required for Stat3 activation in IL-10-dependent M2-like polarization. (D) Jak2 controls Stat4 activation in IL-12-treated monocytes, which could induce M1-like polarization. (E) Jak2 and Tyk2 are the upstream regulators of Stat3 and Stat6 activation in IL-13-stimulated monocytes, which eventually induce the M2-like polarization.