Table 1.
Descriptive statistics (range, means, standard deviation, percentages) and item level standardized factor loadings (β) of sample, predictor and dependent variables (n = 3,375).
| Range | Mean | SD | β | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ECONOMIC DEPRIVATION(T1) | |||||
| Income quintiles | 1–5 | 3.06 | 1.42 | 0.83 | – |
| Subjective poverty | 1–5 | 2.79 | 0.87 | 0.50 | – |
| STRESS(T2) | |||||
| Upset | 1–4 | 1.64 | 0.71 | 0.74 | – |
| Difficult to relax | 1–4 | 1.83 | 0.79 | 0.71 | – |
| Irritable | 1–4 | 1.73 | 0.68 | 0.72 | – |
| EDUCATIONAL INVESTMENT(T2)b | |||||
| Look at books | 1–7 | 0.81 | 1.76 | 0.56 | – |
| Nursery rhymes | 1–7 | 2.02 | 2.66 | 0.47 | – |
| Recognizing shapes, letters, numbers | 1–7 | 3.77 | 2.88 | 0.37 | – |
| NUTRITIONAL INVESTMENT(T2)b | |||||
| Vegetables | 1–5 | 2.26 | 0.75 | 0.48 | – |
| Fruits | 1–5 | 1.88 | 0.79 | 0.63 | – |
| COGNITIVE ABILITY(T3) | |||||
| Naming vocabulary | 20–80 | 47.95 | 12.37 | 0.69 | – |
| Picture similarity | 20–80 | 50.25 | 10.58 | 0.57 | – |
| Harsh Discipline (T3) | 0–1 | 0.39 | 0.49 | – | – |
| CONDUCT PROBLEMS (T4, T5, T6)a | |||||
| Tantrums | 0–2 | 0.92, 0.79, 0.68 | 0.72, 0.70, 0.69 | 0.66, 0.71, 0.74 | – |
| Obedient | 0–2 | 0.68, 0.59, 0.56 | 0.52, 0.57, 0.58 | 0.54, 0.57, 0.60 | – |
| Fights | 0–2 | 0.11, 0.10, 0.09 | 0.33, 0.34, 0.31 | 0.65, 0.65, 0.70 | – |
| Lies | 0–2 | 0.20, 0.22, 0.22 | 0.43, 0.45, 0.45 | 0.47, 0.52, 0.56 | – |
| Steals | 0–2 | 0.03, 0.03, 0.03 | 0.19, 0.21, 0.20 | 0.50, 0.50, 0.56 | – |
| Gender (male) | – | – | – | – | 51.3 |
| Ethnicity (White) | – | – | – | – | 96.5 |
a
The values represent range, mean, standard deviation (SD) and factor loadings of items used to measure conduct problems (β) across waves 4, 5, and 6 of data collection respectively. Means, standard deviations, factor loadings and percentages are based on a weighted sample;
b
higher scores represent low educational and nutritional investment.