Table 2.
Gender differences on predictor, mediator and outcome variables.
| Variables | Gender | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Male (Mean, SD) | Female (Mean, SD) | p | |
| Conduct problema | 1.90 (1.15) | 1.39 (1.38) | 0.001 |
| Economic deprivation | 2.92 (0.97) | 2.89 (0.96) | 0.414 |
| Stress | 2.23 (1.81) | 2.18 (1.77) | 0.318 |
| Educational investment | 5.14 (1.64) | 5.64 (1.30) | 0.001 |
| Nutritional investment | 1.92 (0.64) | 1.95 (0.60) | 0.242 |
| Cognitive ability | 49.19 (9.90) | 52.78 (9.04) | 0.001 |
| Harsh discipline (% smacked)b | 19% | 14% | 0.001 |
a
The mean for conduct problem presented in the table is average across the 3 time points for purposes of parsimony. The analysis was undertaken for each individual time point (ages 4, 5 and 6) and these were all significant.
b
Harsh discipline analyzed using chi-square test.