. 2017 Sep 13;8:1580. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01580

Table 5.

Standardized direct and indirect effects (via family stress and investment variables) of economic deprivation on trajectory of conduct problems.

Direct and indirect pathways	Conduct age 4 Std. Est(SE)	Conduct age 5 Std. Est(SE)	Conduct age 6 Std. Est(SE)
DIRECT EFFECTS
Econ dep→Conduct Problems (CP)	0.22 (0.04)^***	0.19 (0.04)^***	0.14 (0.04)^***
Econ dep→stress	0.22 (0.03)^***	0.22 (0.03)^***	0.21 (0.03)^***
Econ dep→educational investment	0.31 (0.04)^***	0.30 (0.04)^***	0.30 (0.04)^***
Econ dep→nutritional investment	0.29 (0.04)^***	0.29 (0.04)^***	0.28 (0.04)^***
Econ dep→cognitive ability	0.23 (0.04)^***	0.23 (0.04)^***	0.23 (0.04)^***
Stress→harsh discipline	0.06 (0.02)^**	0.06 (0.02)^**	0.06 (0.02)^**
Stress→CP	0.19 (0.03)^***	0.20 (0.03)^***	0.18 (0.03)^***
Harsh discipline→CP	0.24 (0.03)^***	0.17 (0.03)^***	0.17 (0.02)^***
Edu investment→cognitive ability	0.55 (0.05)^***	0.54 (0.05)^***	0.57 (0.05)^***
Nutritional investment→cognitive ability	−0.002 (0.05)^ns	0.00 (0.05)^ns	−0.02(0.05)^ns
Cognitive ability→CP	0.24 (0.04)^***	0.24 (0.04)^***	0.30 (0.04)^***
INDIRECT EFFECTS
Econ dep→stress→harsh discipline→CP	0.003 (0.001)^**	0.002 (0.001)^**	0.002 (0.001)^**
Econ dep→stress→CP	0.04 (0.01)^***	0.04 (0.01)^***	0.04 (0.01)^***
Total Indirect Effect of Stress Pathway^a	0.043^***	0.042^***	0.042^***
Econ dep→edu investment→cognitive ability→CP	0.04 (0.01)^***	0.04 (0.01)^***	0.05 (0.01)^***
Econ dep→nutrition→cognitive ability→CP	0.00 (0.003)^ns	0.00 (0.003)^ns	−0.001 (0.004)^ns
Econ dep→cognitive ability→CP	0.06 (0.01)^***	0.06 (0.01)^***	0.07 (0.02)^***
Total Indirect Effect of Investment Pathway^a	0.10^***	0.10^***	0.12^***
Total Indirect Effect – All Pathways	0.14 (02)^***	0.14 (02)^***	0.16 (0.02)^***
Total Effect	0.36 (0.03)^***	0.33 (03)^***	0.30 (0.03)^***
R²	27%	23%	23%

Level of significance:

^***

p < 0.001;

^**

p < 0.01;

^ns

non-significant.

Econ dep, economic deprivation; edu investment, educational investment.

Indirect effect of stress and investment pathways computed by adding together all significant associated indirect pathways.