Table 2.
Myokines (peptides) secreted by muscle to influence bone, the mechanisms which stimulate release, and the bone metabolism outcomes.
| Myokines | Secretion Stimulants | Bone Metabolism |
|---|---|---|
| Growth Factors | ||
| IGF-1 | Resistance Exercise | Stimulates Formation |
| FGF-2 | Eccentric Muscle Contraction | Stimulates Formation |
| GDF-8 | Muscle Damage / Atrophy | Supresses Healing / Formation |
| TGF-β1 | Muscle Damage / Atrophy | Supresses Healing / Formation |
| Matrix Molecules | ||
| SPARC | Resistance Exercise | Promotes Mineralisation |
| MMP-2 | Resistance Exercise | Promotes Healing / Remodelling |
| BMP-1 | Blast trauma to Muscle | Procollagen Cleaving / Bone Formation |
| Inflammatory Factors | ||
| IL-6 | Muscle Contraction | Bone Resorption / Turnover |
| IL-7 | Muscle Contraction | Bone Resorption |
| IL-15 | Resistance Exercise | Increase Bone / Decrease Adiposity |