Table 3.
Differences regarding characteristics of sarcopenic subjects and non-sarcopenic ones among frail and non-frail subjects (n=662).
| Characteristics | Frail (n=163) | Pre-frail (n=406) | Robust (n=93) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sarcopenic (n=77) | Non-sarcopenic (n=86) | p-value | Sarcopenic (n=158) | Non-sarcopenic (n=248) | p-value | Sarcopenic (n=15) | Non-sarcopenic (n=78) | p-value | |
| Age (years) | 85.8±6.46 | 85.9±9.23 | .92 | 85.9±8.14 | 82.1±9.12 | <.0001 | 82.6±5.63 | 76.7±8.80 | .02 |
| Nursing home and care (yes) | 23 (31.5) | 20 (25) | .75 | 25 (16.9) | 28 (11.9) | .32 | 4 (26.7) | 1 (1.37) | .16 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.1±4.89 | 27.5±5.17 | .02 | 23.3±5.33 | 27.3±5.02 | <.0001 | 22.6±5.53 | 26.4±4.48 | .004 |
| Walking support (no) | 14 (19.2) | 15 (18.8) | .97 | 66 (44.6) | 114 (48.5) | .29 | 9 (60) | 57 (78.1) | .39 |
| Comorbidities (number) | 6.61±4.21 | 5.91±3.12 | .33 | 5.71±3.25 | 4.76±3.48 | .03 | 7.25±3.95 | 4.44±3.85 | .01 |
| Level of physical activity (kcal) | 340.5±250.2 | 546.1±171.4 | .02 | 857.3±647.7 | 938.4±898.9 | .34 | 1355.5±1080.1 | 1364.5±982 | .97 |
| MMSE (/30) | 22.8±5.22 | 23.9±4.45 | .14 | 24±4.05 | 24.5±5.45 | .36 | 23.6±5.87 | 25.9±2.97 | .04 |
| Normal nutritional status | 31 (42.5) | 47 (48.7) | .17 | 58 (39.2) | 39 (16.6) | <.0001 | 4 (26.7) | 58 (79.5) | .003 |
| Risk of malnutrition | 31 (42.5) | 29 (36.3) | .32 | 54 (36.6) | 37 (15.7) | <.0001 | 4 (26.7) | 10 (13.7) | .31 |
| Malnutrition | 5 (6.85) | 3 (3.75) | .70 | 4 (2.7) | 2 (0.85) | .75 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| QoL: EQ-5D (%) | 42.9±26.4 | 44.9±25.7 | .63 | 59.1±22.3 | 58.7±21.2 | .84 | 69.1±0.19 | 0.67±0.19 | .80 |
| QoL : SF-36 physical function(%) | 27.4±23 | 24.7±21.9 | .46 | 65.7±22.7 | 49.2±26.9 | .38 | 74±22.6 | 65.7±20.3 | .22 |
| QoL : SF-36 social function(%) | 80.1±26.7 | 78.1±25.5 | .63 | 89.3±18.9 | 92.7±16.4 | .07 | 94.2±14.2 | 87.5±20.4 | .14 |
| QoL : SF-36 physical role functioning (%) | 71.6±44.6 | 64.2±45.7 | .31 | 92±23.9 | 89.4±27.9 | .33 | 92.7±25 | 92.3±27.7 | .96 |
| SF-36 : emotional role functioning (%) | 86.2±34.5 | 80.6±37.8 | .33 | 95.8±12.8 | 95.5±18.9 | .84 | 74.4±38. | 897.7±14.1 | <.0001 |
| SF-36 : mental health (%) | 56.2±22.6 | 53.8±19.3 | .49 | 64.1±20.6 | 63.4±21.7 | .91 | 69.5±19.8 | 63.1±23.8 | .30 |
| SF-36 : vitality (%) | 39.6±22.2 | 39.6±18 | .99 | 49.1±19.3 | 51.1±29.1 | .55 | 55.3±17.3 | 57.3±22.1 | .72 |
| SF-36 : pain (%) | 61.6±32.2 | 59.5±31.1 | .71 | 72.8±28.3 | 74.1±28.3 | .68 | 72.6±32.1 | 76.8±37.2 | .72 |
| SF-36 : general health (%) | 57.7±19.9 | 57.3±20.2 | .90 | 66.1±17.7 | 65.1±19.1 | .99 | 73.1±17.5 | 66.5±13.8 | .21 |
| SF-36 : change health | 37.5±23.1 | 39.9±23.2 | .52 | 48.5±22.2 | 44.4±22.1 | .08 | 60±56.9 | 51.9±27.9 | .62 |
| Katz (points) | 12.9±3.44 | 14.2±4.88 | .08 | 10.6±2.64 | 11.3±3.07 | .03 | 10.1±2.04 | 10.4±4.03 | .83 |
| Tinetti (/28) | 17.1±6.86 | 17.4±6.67 | .74 | 23.4±4.88 | 23.6±5.22 | .84 | 25.9±3.11 | 26.9±3.34 | .15 |
| SPPB (/12) | 2.89±2.12 | 2.83±2.21 | .88 | 5.79±2.81 | 6.07±3.03 | .37 | 6.79±2.49 | 9.03±1.94 | <.0001 |
| TUG (sec) | 35.5±24.3 | 35.9±20.6 | .93 | 24.7±15.7 | 23.9±19.2 | .68 | 17.3±7.59 | 16.6±4.36 | .01 |
| Gait speed (m/sec) | 0.43±0.18 | 0.49±0.19 | .46 | 0.73±0.32 | 0.76±0.34 | .29 | 0.91±0.29 | 1.07±0.32 | .07 |
| Grip strength (kg) | 14±6.47 | 13.8±6.47 | .84 | 17.3±9.22 | 18.7±9.29 | .14 | 22.9±13.7 | 31.3±16.5 | .06 |
| Peak flow (ml/min) | 114.8±59.9 | 123.1±68.5 | .43 | 138.6±80.4 | 147.7±99.8 | .36 | 165.4±82.2 | 190.7±82.3 | .32 |
| IS : knee extensors (N/kg) | 1.27±0.62 | 1.31±0.66 | .75 | 1.60±1.04 | 1.72±0.63 | .28 | 2.03±0.59 | 2.36±0.88 | .24 |
| IS : knee flexors (N/kg) | 1.05±0.44 | 1.16±0.49 | .23 | 1.34±0.49 | 1.42±0.47 | .22 | 1.51±0.59 | 1.61±0.43 | .68 |
| IS : ankle flexors (N/kg) | 0.99±0.47 | 1.18±2.017 | .52 | 1.20±0.47 | 1.16± 0.51 | .50 | 1.42±0.39 | 1.57±0.92 | .69 |
| IS : ankle extensors (N/kg) | 1.06±0.41 | 1.29±0.55 | .02 | 1.4±0.82 | 1.45±0.62 | .59 | 1.77±0.66 | 1.75±0.63 | .94 |
| IS : hip extensors (N/kg) | 0.93±0.48 | 1.04±0.46 | .27 | 1.26±0.62 | 1.38±0.65 | .13 | 1.07±0.67 | 1.77±0.72 | .83 |
| IS : hip abductors (N/kg) | 0.88±0.38 | 1.07±0.53 | .08 | 1.18±0.52 | 1.28±0.46 | .14 | 1.58±0.57 | 1.67±0.47 | .73 |
| IS : elbow flexors (N/kg) | 1.05±0.41 | 1.18±0.5 | .15 | 1.41±0.49 | 1.44±0.52 | .63 | 1.69±0.54 | 1.73±0.53 | .86 |
| IS : elbow extensors (N/kg) | 0.78±0.30 | 0.89±0.36 | .07 | 1.02±0.36 | 0.99±0.36 | .50 | 1.07±0.39 | 1.22±0.34 | .32 |
| ALM/height2 | 7.13±1.01 | 9.61±5.97 | .007 | 7.08±1.12 | 9.11±3.11 | <.0001 | 7.65±1.02 | 8.56±1.49 | .04 |
IS: Isometric strength. QoL: Quality of life.