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Illustrative representation of subcellular localization of various PQC Ub ligases. E3 enzymes operating in quality control pathways (e.g., CHIP, Doa10, HUWE1, Listerin, Rsp5, and San1) and associated chaperones (in green and gray) are widely distributed in most subcellular compartments, including nucleus, cytoplasm, ER, and plasma membrane.
