Table 3.
Cross‐sectional associations between attitudes and beliefs about exercise and physical activity at baselinea
| Physical activity level (PASE) at baseline | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted β (95% CI) |
Adjusted SEE (model A)
β (95% CI) |
Adjusted POEE (model B)
β (95% CI) |
Adjusted NOEE (model C)
β (95% CI) |
|
| Attitudes and beliefs | ||||
| SEE | 5.50 (2.21, 8.20)b | 4.14 (0.26, 8.03)c | ||
| POEE | 19.58 (6.85, 32.30)b | 16.71 (1.87, 31.55)c | ||
| NOEEd | 20.16 (11.38, 28.94)b | 4.47 (−6.39, 15.33) | ||
| Potential confounders | ||||
| Socioeconomic (ref. professional) | ||||
| Intermediate | 11.79 (−10.48, 34.06) | 10.28 (−10.96, 31.51) | 10.23 (−10.94, 31.39) | 8.39 (−12.90, 29.68) |
| Routine/manual job | 27.38 (7.05, 47.71)b | 28.59 (8.92, 48.27)b | 29.20 (9.56, 48.84)b | 28.36 (8.47, 48.26)b |
| Paid employment (ref. yes) | −57.83 (−72.49, −43.17)b | −38.92 (−56.12, −21.73)b | −37.44 (−54.58, −20.29)b | −38.51 (−55.86, −21.16)b |
| Comorbidities (ref. none) | ||||
| 1 other condition | −20.56 (−38.83, −2.28)c | −12.72 (−33.08, 7.65) | −10.07 (−30.43, 10.30) | −11.09 (−31.49, 9.31) |
| ≥2 other conditions | −48.35 (−66.89, −29.81)b | −26.75 (−49.02, −4.49)c | −25.86 (−48.09, −3.62)c | −26.31 (−48.70, −3.93)c |
| PHQ‐8 depressiond | −3.82 (−5.40, −2.24)b | −2.59 (−4.47, −0.72)b | −2.93 (−4.74, −1.13)b | −2.91 (−4.80, −1.03)b |
All variables were measured at baseline. Multiple linear regression–adjusted models selected via backward elimination, holding one of SEE (model A, n = 338), POEE (model B, n = 339), or NOEE (model C, n = 340) within the model. Higher PASE scores indicate higher levels of physical activity. Higher SEE and POEE scores indicate higher self‐efficacy and positive outcome expectancies, respectively. PASE = Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly; 95% CI = 95% confidence interval; SEE = Self‐Efficacy for Exercise; POEE = Positive Outcome Expectations for Exercise; NOEE = Negative Outcome Expectations for Exercise; PHQ‐8 = Personal Health Questionnaire.
Statistically significant β coefficient, P < 0.01.
Statistically significant β coefficient, P < 0.05.
Higher scores on the NOEE indicate less negative outcome expectancies. Higher PHQ‐8 scores indicate worse depression. Potential confounders included in initial multivariable models and excluded during model building include age, body mass index, sex, anxiety (Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7), pain duration, partner status, Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index pain and function subscale scores, and widespread pain.