Table 5.
Longitudinal associations between baseline attitudes and beliefs about exercise and physical activity level at 6‐month followupa
| Physical activity level (PASE) at 6‐month followup | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Unadjusted
β (95% CI) |
Adjusted SEE (model A)
β (95% CI) |
Adjusted POEE (model B)
β (95% CI) |
Adjusted NOEE (model C)
β (95% CI) |
|
| Attitudes and beliefs | ||||
| SEE | 6.02 (2.30, 9.75)b | 3.71 (0.26, 7.16)c | ||
| POEE | 25.74 (11.99, 39.49)b | 13.93 (1.32, 26.54)c | ||
| NOEEd | 11.72 (1.81, 21.64)c | −1.59 (−11.31, 8.13) | ||
| Potential confounders | ||||
| PASE baseline physical activity | 0.53 (0.43, 0.63)b | 0.49 (0.38, 0.59)b | 0.49 (0.38, 0.59)b | 0.49 (0.38, 0.60)b |
| Age | −2.00 (−2.85, −1.15)b | −1.07 (−1.88, −0.26)c | −0.95 (−1.76, −0.13)c | −1.24 (−2.07, −0.42)b |
| Continuous BMI | −1.87 (−3.37, −0.37)c | −1.47 (−2.91, −0.03)c | ||
| Intervention arm (ref. usual PT) | ||||
| Individually tailored exercise | 1.03 (−19.74, 21.79) | 3.59 (−14.88, 22.07) | 3.13 (−15.31, 21.58) | 3.63 (−14.87, 22.14) |
| Targeted exercise adherence | 8.26 (−12.69, 29.21) | 9.16 (−9.74, 28.07) | 7.52 (−11.38, 26.41) | 9.17 (−9.77, 28.11) |
Results are from multiple imputed data (combined results from 25 imputed data sets); all independent variables were measured at baseline, and multiple linear regression–adjusted models selected via backward elimination, holding one of SEE (model A), POEE (model B), or NOEE (model C) within the model. Higher PASE scores indicate higher levels of physical activity. Higher SEE and POEE scores indicate higher self‐efficacy and positive outcome expectancies, respectively. PASE = Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly; 95% CI = 95% confidence interval; SEE = Self‐Efficacy for Exercise; POEE = Positive Outcome Expectations for Exercise; NOEE = Negative Outcome Expectations for Exercise; BMI = body mass index; PT = physical therapy.
Statistically significant β coefficient, P < 0.01.
Statistically significant β coefficient, P < 0.05.
Higher NOEE scores indicate less negative outcome expectancies. Potential confounders included in initial multivariable models and excluded during model building include comorbidities, depression (Personal Health Questionnaire 8), sex, anxiety (Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7), pain duration, partner status, socioeconomic category, Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index pain and function subscales scores, widespread pain, and work status.