Table 6.
Associations between attitudes and beliefs about exercise and important physical activity level increase from baseline to 6‐month followupa
| Physical activity level (PASE) at 3‐month followup | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Unadjusted
OR (95% CI) |
Adjusted SEE (model A)
OR (95% CI) |
Adjusted POEE (model B)
OR (95% CI) |
Adjusted NOEE (model C)
OR (95% CI) |
|
| Attitudes and beliefs | ||||
| SEE | 1.07 (0.96, 1.20) | 1.10 (0.98, 1.24) | ||
| POEE | 1.36 (0.88, 2.10) | 1.54 (0.99, 2.40) | ||
| NOEEc | 0.97 (0.71, 1.32) | 1.09 (0.79, 1.51) | ||
| Potential confounders | ||||
| PASE baseline physical activity | 0.99 (0.99, 1.00)b | 0.99 (0.99, 1.00)b | 0.99 (0.99, 1.00)b | 0.99 (0.99, 1.00)b |
| Intervention arm (ref. usual PT) | ||||
| Individually tailored exercise | 1.06 (0.55, 2.06) | 1.03 (0.52, 2.04) | 1.04 (0.53, 2.06) | 1.04 (0.53, 2.05) |
| Targeted exercise adherence | 1.15 (0.58, 2.25) | 1.17 (0.59, 2.32) | 1.15 (0.58, 2.28) | 1.19 (0.60, 2.35) |
Results are from multiple imputed data (combined results from 25 imputed data sets); all independent variables were measured at baseline, and multiple linear regression–adjusted models selected via backward elimination, holding one of SEE (model A), POEE (model B), or NOEE (model C) within the model. Higher PASE scores indicate higher levels of physical activity. Higher SEE and POEE scores indicate higher self‐efficacy and positive outcome expectancies, respectively. PASE = Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly; OR = odds ratio; 95% CI = 95% confidence interval; SEE = Self‐Efficacy for Exercise; POEE = Positive Outcome Expectations for Exercise; NOEE = Negative Outcome Expectations for Exercise; PT = physical therapy.
Statistically significant OR, P < 0.01.
Higher NOEE scores indicate less negative outcome expectancies. Important increase in physical activity was defined as an increase of 87 PASE points from baseline to 6 months. Potential confounders included in initial multivariable models and excluded during model building include age, body mass index, comorbidities, depression (Personal Health Questionnaire 8), anxiety (Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7), pain duration, partner status, socioeconomic category, Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index pain and function subscale scores, widespread pain, and work status.