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. 2017 Sep 15;7:11732. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-11992-6

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a) H&E stained trachea sections following cell treatment in indirect co-culture assay. De-differentiation of a pseudostratified epithelium into flattened epithelial cells was noted in both AEC-treated and untreated group. Inset shows the epithelium layer at higher magnification.(b) The graph illustrates the percentage of damaged and reparative epithelium region following indirect co-culture assay. (c) The graph illustrates the level of IL-1β and IL-6 inflammatory cytokines in response to AEC treatment. Data are represented as mean ± standard deviation; n = 3 tracheal tissue for each group (untreated vs. aec-treated, *P > 0.05) (d1 = day 1, d3 = day 3, d5 = day 5) (scale bars = 20 μm, scale bars of insets represent 10 μm).