Table 3.
Identified compounds in the essential oils of the plants used in the present study
| Volatile name | Ammi majus | Ammi visnaga | Foeniculum vulgare | Nerium oleander | Artemisia herba-alba | Calendula officinalis | Conyza dioscoridis | Matricaria recutita | Ricinus communis | Lawsonia inermis | Lantana camara |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Terpenes hydrocarbons | |||||||||||
| Cadinene | 9.1 | 2.3 | 1.9 | 0.8 | |||||||
| β-Caryophyllene | 32.5 | ||||||||||
| α-Humulene | 12.5 | ||||||||||
| β-Cubebene | 4.2 | ||||||||||
| δ-Elemene | 10.6 | ||||||||||
| β-Farnesene | 0.4 | 5.4 | |||||||||
| τ-Gurjunene | 2.7 | ||||||||||
| Limonene | 0.9 | 5.2 | |||||||||
| α-Muurolene | 1.2 | ||||||||||
| Total | 0.9 | 5.2 | 0.4 | 10.3 | 2.3 | 5.4 | 1.9 | 63.3 | |||
| Oxygenated monoterpenes | |||||||||||
| Borneol | 2.2 | ||||||||||
| Camphor | 7.7 | 0.8 | |||||||||
| 3-Carene, 10-(acetylmethyl) | 3.1 | ||||||||||
| Carvacrol | 1.8 | 0.7 | |||||||||
| Carvone | 4.2 | 57 | 0.2 | 13.2 | 18.2 | 3.7 | 3.3 | 9.9 | |||
| Carveol | 1.1 | ||||||||||
| 1,8-Cineol | 3.3 | ||||||||||
| Dihydrocarvone | 7 | 2 | |||||||||
| Dihydrocarvoyl acetate | 1.4 | ||||||||||
| Fenchone | 3.9 | ||||||||||
| Geranyl acetone | 1.6 | ||||||||||
| 2-Hydroxypiperitone | 1 | ||||||||||
| β-Ionone | 1.1 | ||||||||||
| α-Isophoron | 2.1 | ||||||||||
| Linalool | 1.5 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 1.3 | 1.1 | 1.1 | |||||
| 4-Methylisopulegone | 3.5 | ||||||||||
| 4-Oxoisophorone | 1.2 | ||||||||||
| Piperitone | 3.6 | 0.9 | 26.5 | ||||||||
| Pulegone | 3.4 | 3.8 | 0.9 | 0.6 | 3.8 | ||||||
| 4-Terpineol | 1.7 | 2.6 | 0.7 | 2.6 | 0.6 | ||||||
| α-Terpineol | 1.1 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.9 | |||||||
| Thymol | 2.1 | 2.3 | |||||||||
| Yomogi alcohol | 2.4 | 0.6 | |||||||||
| Total | 16 | 60.1 | 4.1 | 29.5 | 47.2 | 26.8 | 9.7 | 4.5 | 19.7 | 1.1 | 4.7 |
| Oxygenated sesquiterpenes | |||||||||||
| Bisabolol oxide A | 67 | ||||||||||
| α-Bisabolol | 0.8 | ||||||||||
| α-Bisabolol oxide B | 8.8 | ||||||||||
| α-Cadinol | 21.2 | 10.7 | |||||||||
| δ-Cadinol | 1.3 | 1.2 | 2 | ||||||||
| τ-Cadinol | 3.7 | 4.7 | |||||||||
| β-Caryophyllene oxide | 0.5 | 2.5 | |||||||||
| Cubenol | 1.5 | 1 | |||||||||
| Diepi-α-cedrene epoxide | 1.6 | ||||||||||
| α-Eudesmol | 2.1 | ||||||||||
| β-Eudesmol | 3.4 | ||||||||||
| 4,4-Dimethyltetracyclo-(6,3,2,0) (2,5)0(1,8)tridecan-9-ol | 6.1 | ||||||||||
| Guaiol | 3.8 | ||||||||||
| Hexahydrofarnesyl acetone | 0.9 | 2.4 | 5.7 | 2.5 | 1 | ||||||
| τ-Muurolol | 5.3 | 3.5 | |||||||||
| Neoisolongifolene-8-ol | 1.5 | ||||||||||
| Nerolidol | 4 | ||||||||||
| Spathulenol | 0.6 | 1.3 | 2.4 | ||||||||
| Viridiflorol | 1.4 | ||||||||||
| Total | 0.9 | 2.4 | 5.7 | 38.2 | 37.9 | 79.9 | 1 | 10.4 | |||
| Aromatics | |||||||||||
| 2-Acetylfuran | 4.8 | ||||||||||
| p-Allylanisole | 88 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 1.5 | |||||||
| Apiol-1 | 3.8 | 18.1 | |||||||||
| Apiol-2 | 3.6 | ||||||||||
| β-Asarone | 10 | ||||||||||
| Benzaldehyde | 0.4 | 2 | |||||||||
| Benzyl alcohol | 2.4 | 0.9 | 1.1 | ||||||||
| Coumaran | 0.8 | 1.4 | 24.7 | 1.4 | |||||||
| Dihydroactinidiolide | 2.6 | 1.1 | 1.7 | 2.1 | |||||||
| 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol | 1.7 | ||||||||||
| Eugenol | 1.2 | 2.7 | 1.8 | ||||||||
| Ethyl cinnamate | 9.5 | ||||||||||
| 4-Ethylphenol | 1.5 | ||||||||||
| Furfural | 0.7 | 1.2 | 20.8 | ||||||||
| Furfuryl alcohol | 0.8 | 4.5 | |||||||||
| 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde | 4.9 | ||||||||||
| 2-Methoxyphenol | 1.9 | ||||||||||
| 2-Methoxy-4-vinylphenol | 0.9 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 2.9 | 1.3 | ||||||
| Methyl cinnamate | 1 | 1.4 | |||||||||
| 2-Methyl-3-phenyl-propanal | 1.8 | ||||||||||
| 4-Methylphenol | 1 | ||||||||||
| 4-Methylphenylethanol | 5 | ||||||||||
| 4-Methoxycarbonylimidazole | 0.8 | ||||||||||
| 5-Methyl-2-furfural | 14.5 | ||||||||||
| Myristicin | 1.7 | ||||||||||
| 5-Pentylresorcinol | 0.6 | 1 | |||||||||
| Phenol | 2.6 | ||||||||||
| Phenylethanol | 6.5 | 2.6 | |||||||||
| p-Propenylanisole | 0.7 | 0.7 | 2.6 | 2.8 | 1.8 | 4.3 | |||||
| 1-(2,3,6-Trimethylphenyl)-3- buten-2-one | 1.5 | ||||||||||
| Visnagin | 2.2 | ||||||||||
| Total | 6.6 | 26.8 | 88.7 | 30.4 | 22.3 | 5.4 | 4.9 | 1.8 | 42 | 34.9 | |
| Aliphatic carboxlic fatty acids | |||||||||||
| Decanoic acid | 0.9 | 0.3 | 2 | 1.9 | |||||||
| Dodecanoic acid | 2.8 | 2.2 | 0.9 | ||||||||
| Hexadecanoic acid | 38 | 4 | 0.1 | 16.9 | 6.9 | 2.2 | 10.5 | 7.9 | 6.4 | 0.9 | |
| Hexanoic acid | 0.8 | 2.5 | 4.6 | 0.6 | 1.6 | ||||||
| 2-Hexenoic acid | 1.8 | 1 | |||||||||
| 5-Hexenoic acid | 1.4 | ||||||||||
| Linolic acid | 3.5 | 1.8 | |||||||||
| 3-Methylbutanoic acid | 2.3 | ||||||||||
| 3-Methylpentanoic acid | 1.7 | ||||||||||
| 4-Methyl-2-pentenoic acid | 2 | ||||||||||
| Nonanoic acid | 2.3 | 1.4 | 1.1 | ||||||||
| 9-Octadecenoic acid | 1 | ||||||||||
| 6-Octadecenoic acid | 6.4 | 0.8 | |||||||||
| Octanoic Acid | 1.3 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 0.7 | |||||||
| Tetradecanoic acid | 4.9 | 2.7 | 1.6 | 2 | 3.9 | ||||||
| Undecanoic acid | 1.1 | ||||||||||
| Total | 61 | 7.5 | 0.1 | 22.3 | 13.8 | 4.7 | 26.6 | 2.5 | 11.5 | 12.6 | 0.9 |
| Aliphatic esters | |||||||||||
| Ethyl butyrate | 1.7 | ||||||||||
| 1-Hydroxy-2-butanone acetate | 2.8 | ||||||||||
| 3-Hydroxy-2,4,4-trimethyl pentyl 2-methylpropanoate | 3.3 | ||||||||||
| Methyl hexadecanoate | 1.8 | 0.9 | |||||||||
| Methyl stearate | 1.8 | ||||||||||
| Methyl oleate | 3.3 | ||||||||||
| 10,13-Octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester | 1.3 | ||||||||||
| Vinyl propionate | 3.1 | ||||||||||
| Total | 6.8 | 7.3 | 5.9 | ||||||||
| Aliphatic alcohols and ketones | |||||||||||
| Acetoxypropanone | 5.1 | ||||||||||
| 9-Hexadecen-1-ol | 1.5 | ||||||||||
| 3-Hexen-1-ol | 1.7 | ||||||||||
| 6-Methyl-5-heptene-2-one | 1.7 | ||||||||||
| 9-Methyl-5-methylene-8-decen-2-one | 1.2 | ||||||||||
| Nona-3,5-dien-2-ol | 2.3 | ||||||||||
| Nonanol | 2.7 | ||||||||||
| Octanol | 1.3 | ||||||||||
| Phytol | 1.7 | 2.7 | 1.6 | ||||||||
| 3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-2- hexadecen-1-ol | 4.9 | ||||||||||
| Total | 2.7 | 1.7 | 2.3 | 0 | 2.7 | 4 | 11.7 | 1.6 | |||
| Total no. of identified compounds | 20 | 13 | 6 | 33 | 21 | 24 | 33 | 12 | 26 | 27 | 15 |
| Total % of identified compounds | 87.7 | 95.3 | 98.1 | 93.5 | 91.3 | 85.4 | 84.1 | 94.1 | 86.4 | 67.2 | 80.9 |
The values show the relative chemical composition of essential oil
Compounds present in each group are listed according to their eluting order on a DB-Wax capillary column