Figure 1.

Reversal learning performances of 10-d-old bees from the in-hive [N = 40, (A)] or impoverished environment [N = 40, (B)]. The percentage of proboscis extension responses (PER) elicited by odor A (solid line) and B (dashed line) is represented during the first phase (A+B−) and the second phase (A−B+) of the learning task. The odors used as A and B were alternated between the bees and the role of each odor as A or B had no effect on learning (repeated-measures ANOVA: F = 1.41; P = 0.23). (***) P < 0.001; (*) P < 0.05.