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. 2017 Sep 13;10:282. doi: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00282

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Copyright © 2017 Osmakov, Koshelev, Andreev and Kozlov.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The simple representation for the endogenous pathway of morphine biosynthesis in mammals. Pain relief could be induced by inhibition of the reticuline/THP biosynthesis or by enhancement of their conversion to the morphine.