Table 1.
Diverse FA composition of phytoceramides analyzed using GC
| Sources of FA | FA chain length | 12:0 | 14:0 | 16:0 | 16:1 | 18:0 | 18:1 | 18:2 | 18:3 | 20:0 | 20:1 | 20:4 | 22:0 | 22:1 | 22:2 | 24:0 | 24:1 | 26:0 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Human SC | FA in ceramide (face) | 0.1 | 4.3 | 9.8 | 4.3 | 6.1 | 3.8 | 0.3 | 7.0 | 2.0 | 43.9 | 10.8 | 7.7 | |||||
| FA in ceramide (leg) | 10.2 | 11.4 | 3.6 | 1.9 | 43.3 | 29.6 | ||||||||||||
| C18-ceramide NP | FA in ceramide | 100 | ||||||||||||||||
| Phytocera-H | FA in natural oil | 4.5 | 33.3 | 8.3 | 2.8 | 35.1 | 12.2 | 1.1 | ||||||||||
| FA in synthetic ceramide | 4.6 | 38.0 | 7.1 | 3.5 | 31.0 | 10.3 | 1.0 | |||||||||||
| Phytocera-M | FA in natural oil | 7.5 | 21.4 | 2.4 | 60.5 | 2.0 | 1.9 | 2.0 | ||||||||||
| FA in synthetic ceramide | 8.5 | 20.5 | 2.9 | 57.3 | 2.1 | 2.2 | 2.2 | |||||||||||
| Phytocera-SB | FA in natural oil | 0.29 | 0.20 | 6.12 | 28.41 | 60.49 | 1.65 | 1.15 | ||||||||||
| FA in synthetic ceramide | 0.30 | 0.20 | 6.13 | 27.93 | 59.67 | 1.77 | 1.01 | |||||||||||
| Phytocera-SF | FA in natural oil | 0.13 | 0.25 | 9.66 | 0.14 | 3.64 | 29.20 | 52.62 | 0.14 | 0.24 | 0.12 | 0.72 | 0.27 | |||||
| FA in synthetic ceramide | 0.12 | 0.24 | 7.80 | 0.13 | 2.99 | 28.14 | 58.11 | 0.17 | 0.18 | 0.10 | 0.56 | |||||||
| Phytocera-Mix | FA in natural oil | 8.04 | 3.14 | 6.31 | 52.25 | 2.90 | 2.35 | 15.86 | 3.20 | 3.04 | 3.11 | 0.70 | ||||||
| FA in synthetic ceramide | 7.88 | 2.67 | 4.24 | 51.01 | 3.49 | 2.23 | 18.79 | 3.45 | 3.94 | 3.82 | 0.63 |
Notes: The FA composition result of human SC was cited from previously published data.8 A distinct FA chain composition of each phytoceramide is shown. The FA composition of each natural oil-derived ceramide is well correlated with the profiles of that natural oil. Each analyzed data point was converted into percent.
Abbreviations: FA, fatty acid; GC, gas chromatography; SC, stratum corneum; NP, N-stearoyl phytosphingosine; phytocera-H, horse fat oil-derived ceramide; phytocera-M, macadamia nut oil-derived ceramide; phytocera-SB, shea butter-derived ceramide; phytocera-SF, sunflower oil-derived ceramide; phytocera-Mix, macadamia nut, shea butter, moringa, and meadowfoam seed oil-derived ceramide.