Table 4:
Temporal trends and comparisons of ASMRs for deaths related to respiratory causes, accidents and suicide in individuals with and without schizophrenia (1993–2012)
| Year | Cause of death; ASMR, per 1000 population aged 15 yr or older* | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||||||||
| Respiratory | Accidents | Suicide | ||||||||||
|
|
|
|
||||||||||
| Non-SCZ | SCZ | RR† | RD‡ | Non-SCZ | SCZ | RR† | RD‡ | Non-SCZ | SCZ | RR† | RD‡ | |
| 1993 | 0.80 | 3.11 | 3.89 | 2.31 | 0.34 | 1.42 | 4.18 | 1.08 | 0.12 | 3.19 | 26.58 | 3.07 |
|
| ||||||||||||
| 1994 | 0.81 | 2.97 | 3.67 | 2.16 | 0.32 | 1.32 | 4.13 | 1.00 | 0.11 | 2.04 | 18.55 | 1.93 |
|
| ||||||||||||
| 1995 | 0.80 | 2.92 | 3.65 | 2.12 | 0.32 | 1.22 | 3.81 | 0.90 | 0.11 | 2.23 | 20.27 | 2.12 |
|
| ||||||||||||
| 1996 | 0.77 | 3.07 | 3.99 | 2.30 | 0.31 | 1.43 | 4.61 | 1.12 | 0.11 | 2.29 | 20.82 | 2.18 |
|
| ||||||||||||
| 1997 | 0.76 | 3.13 | 4.12 | 2.37 | 0.30 | 0.93 | 3.10 | 0.63 | 0.10 | 1.64 | 16.40 | 1.54 |
|
| ||||||||||||
| 1998 | 0.81 | 3.16 | 3.90 | 2.35 | 0.28 | 1.28 | 4.57 | 1.00 | 0.10 | 1.66 | 16.60 | 1.56 |
|
| ||||||||||||
| 1999 | 0.78 | 3.06 | 3.92 | 2.28 | 0.29 | 0.94 | 3.24 | 0.65 | 0.09 | 1.78 | 19.78 | 1.69 |
|
| ||||||||||||
| 2000 | 0.62 | 2.07 | 3.34 | 1.45 | 0.27 | 1.21 | 4.48 | 0.94 | 0.09 | 1.44 | 16.00 | 1.35 |
|
| ||||||||||||
| 2001 | 0.59 | 1.75 | 2.97 | 1.16 | 0.27 | 1.03 | 3.81 | 0.76 | 0.09 | 1.63 | 18.11 | 1.54 |
|
| ||||||||||||
| 2002 | 0.56 | 2.01 | 3.59 | 1.45 | 0.27 | 1.07 | 3.96 | 0.80 | 0.07 | 1.38 | 19.71 | 1.31 |
|
| ||||||||||||
| 2003 | 0.59 | 2.33 | 3.95 | 1.74 | 0.29 | 1.11 | 3.83 | 0.82 | 0.09 | 1.53 | 17.00 | 1.44 |
|
| ||||||||||||
| 2004 | 0.57 | 1.94 | 3.40 | 1.37 | 0.28 | 1.03 | 3.68 | 0.75 | 0.09 | 1.37 | 15.22 | 1.28 |
|
| ||||||||||||
| 2005 | 0.60 | 2.16 | 3.60 | 1.56 | 0.28 | 1.22 | 4.36 | 0.94 | 0.09 | 1.00 | 11.11 | 0.91 |
|
| ||||||||||||
| 2006 | 0.53 | 1.92 | 3.62 | 1.39 | 0.29 | 1.17 | 4.03 | 0.88 | 0.08 | 1.15 | 14.38 | 1.07 |
|
| ||||||||||||
| 2007 | 0.55 | 2.15 | 3.91 | 1.60 | 0.30 | 1.41 | 4.70 | 1.11 | 0.09 | 1.26 | 14.00 | 1.17 |
|
| ||||||||||||
| 2008 | 0.53 | 2.12 | 4.00 | 1.59 | 0.30 | 1.23 | 4.10 | 0.93 | 0.08 | 0.97 | 12.13 | 0.89 |
|
| ||||||||||||
| 2009 | 0.53 | 2.14 | 4.04 | 1.61 | 0.29 | 1.32 | 4.55 | 1.03 | 0.09 | 1.35 | 15.00 | 1.26 |
|
| ||||||||||||
| 2010 | 0.51 | 1.78 | 3.49 | 1.27 | 0.31 | 1.45 | 4.68 | 1.14 | 0.09 | 1.09 | 12.11 | 1.00 |
|
| ||||||||||||
| 2011 | 0.53 | 1.98 | 3.74 | 1.45 | 0.30 | 1.42 | 4.73 | 1.12 | 0.09 | 1.04 | 11.56 | 0.95 |
|
| ||||||||||||
| 2012 | 0.50 | 1.63 | 3.26 | 1.13 | 0.31 | 1.16 | 3.74 | 0.85 | 0.09 | 0.85 | 9.44 | 0.76 |
|
| ||||||||||||
| Average over time | 3.70 | NA | 4.12 | 0.92 | NA | NA | ||||||
|
| ||||||||||||
| Absolute difference§ | 0.3 | 1.48 | 0.03 | 0.26 | 0.03 | 2.34 | ||||||
|
| ||||||||||||
| Relative difference¶ | −37.5% | −47.6% | −8.8% | −18.3% | −25.0% | −73.4% | ||||||
|
| ||||||||||||
| p for trend** | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.3 | 0.6 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||||
Note: ASMR = age- and sex-standardized mortality rate, NA = not applicable, non-SCZ = individuals without schizophrenia, RD = rate difference, RR = rate ratio, SCZ = individuals with schizophrenia.
Except where indicated otherwise.
When the result of the test for interaction between year of death and schizophrenia status (age-and sex-adjusted negative binomial model) was not statistically significant (p > 0.05), the average RR is presented in the row for “average over time.”
When p for the trend of RD over time was greater than 0.05, the average RD is presented in the row for “average over time.”
Absolute difference in ASMRs per 1000 between 1993 and 2012.
Relative difference between 1993 and 2012 rates, expressed as a percentage of the 1993 rate.
p value for linear trend obtained using unadjusted linear regression.