Table 2.
Primary and Secondary Outcomes as a Function of Intervention Condition and Time
| Suggestion (N = 71) |
Mindfulness (N = 84) |
Education (N = 85) |
||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcome | Pre | Post | t | ES | Pre | Post | t | ES | Pre | Post | t | ES |
| Pain intensity | 5.69 (2.59) | 4.38 (2.90) | 6.71*** | 0.48 | 5.74 (2.73) | 4.56 (2.79) | 6.48*** | 0.43 | 5.00 (2.67) | 4.67 (2.84) | 2.67* | 0.12 |
| Pain unpleasantness | 5.87 (2.83) | 4.42 (3.07) | 6.21*** | 0.49 | 5.77 (3.11) | 4.06 (2.83) | 7.29*** | 0.58 | 4.98 (2.87) | 4.72 (3.05) | 1.87** | 0.09 |
| Anxiety | 4.85 (3.17) | 3.08 (2.97) | 5.33*** | 1.27 | 3.93 (3.37) | 2.74 (2.90) | 4.46*** | 0.98 | 3.74 (3.08) | 3.09 (2.91) | 2.36* | 0.51 |
| Relaxation | 4.58 (2.85) | 6.51 (2.48) | 6.13*** | 0.72 | 5.11 (3.04) | 6.80 (2.67) | 5.40*** | 0.59 | 5.40 (2.89) | 5.69 (2.82) | −1.35 | 0.10 |
| Pleasant sensations | 2.85 (2.88) | 5.00 (3.14) | 7.03*** | 0.71 | 2.89 (2.81) | 4.65 (3.15) | 5.07*** | 0.59 | 3.59 (2.95) | 4.01 (2.98) | −1.62 | 0.14 |
| Desire for opioids | 4.39 (3.52) | 3.07 (3.17) | 4.04*** | 0.40 | 4.15 (3.86) | 3.49 (3.79) | 2.44* | 0.17 | 3.71 (3.52) | 3.60 (3.71) | 0.52 | 0.03 |
Data are given as mean (SE). ES = within-group effect size (Cohen’s d)
* p < 0.05, ** p ≤ 0.01, *** p ≤ 0.001