Table 2.
Demographic Characteristics at Baseline by Experimental Group: Lower-Income Adults Enrolled in the Grocery Assistance Program Study (n = 252)
| Total | Incentive | Restriction | Incentive plus Restriction | Control | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age in years mean (se) | 45.0 (1.6) | 42.8 (1.6) | 45.3 (1.7) | 47.4 (1.6) | 44.6 (1.6) | .24 |
| Race % (n) | .38 | |||||
| White | 31.1 (78) | 27.3 (18) | 23.7 (14) | 41.3 (26) | 31.7 (20) | |
| African American | 51.6 (130) | 53.0 (35) | 60.0 (36) | 42.9 (27) | 50.8 (32) | |
| Biracial | 12.3 (31) | 13.6 (9) | 8.3 (5) | 11.1 (7) | 15.9 (10) | |
| Others | 5.2 (13) | 6.1 (4) | 8.3 (5) | 4.8 (3) | 1.6 (1) | |
| Ethnicity | ||||||
| Latino/Hispanic % (n) | 3.6 (9) | 4.5 (3) | 6.7 (4) | 3.2 (2) | 0 (0) | |
| Marital status % (n) | .14 | |||||
| Married/marriage-like relationship | 28.7 (180) | 19.7 (13) | 25.0 (15) | 33.9 (21) | 36.5 (23) | |
| Single | 43.0 (108) | 30.6 (33) | 28.7 (31) | 23.2 (25) | 17.6 (19) | |
| Divorced/separated | 28.3 (251) | 28.2 (20) | 19.7914) | 22.5 (16) | 29.6 (21) | |
| Female % (n) | 81.4 (205) | 84.9 (56) | 80.0 (48) | 79.4 (50) | 81.0 (51) | .86 |
| Education % (n) | .25 | |||||
| High school graduate or less | 27.4 (69) | 24.6 (17) | 30.4 (21) | 23.2 (16) | 21.7 (15) | |
| Some college | 53.2 (134) | 30.6 (41) | 22.4 (30) | 23.1 (31) | 23.9 (32) | |
| College degree or more education | 19.4 (49) | 16.3 (8) | 18.4 (9) | 32.7 (16) | 32.7 (16) | |
| Body weight category | .77 | |||||
| % (n) normal weight [BMI ≤ 25 kg/m2] |
17.4 (42) | 18.2 (12) | 15.3 (9) | 20.7 (12) | 15.5 (9) | |
| overweight [25 < BMI ≤ 27 kg/m2] | 24.9 (60) | 21.2 (14) | 30.5 (18) | 27.6 (16) | 20.7 (12) | |
| obese [BMI > 27 kg/m2] | 57.7 (139) | 60.6 (40) | 54.2 (32) | 51.7 (30) | 63.8 (37) | |
| Income % (n) | ||||||
| < $15,000 | 30.6 (77) | 22.7 (15) | 36.7 (22) | 31.7 (20) | 31.7 (97) | .63 |
| $15,000- < $35,000 | 43.7 (110) | 47.0 (31) | 40.0 (24) | 46.0 (29) | 41.3 (26) | |
| $35,000–$75,000 | 18.3 (46) | 22.7 (15) | 11.7 (7) | 17.5 (11) | 20.6 (13) | |
| Household Size % (n) | ||||||
| 1 Study Benefit $139/mo | 23.8 (60) | 21.2 (14) | 25.0 (15) | 30.1 (19) | 19.1 (12) | .54 |
| 2 Study Benefit $233/mo | 21.8 (55) | 16.7 (11) | 25.0 (15) | 20.6 (13) | 25.4 (16) | |
| 3 Study Benefit $350/mo | 22.6 (57) | 24.2 (16) | 15.0 (9) | 19.1 (12) | 31.8 (20) | |
| 4 Study Benefit $421/mo | 14.3 (36) | 16.7 (11) | 13.3 (8) | 15.9 (10) | 11.1 (7) | |
| ≥ 5 Study Benefit $493/mo | 17.5 (44) | 21.2 (14) | 21.7 (13) | 14.3 (9) | 12.7 (8) | |
| Food Security % (n) | ||||||
| Very Low | 45.2 (114) | 42.4 (28) | 46.7 (28) | 47.6 (28) | 44.4 (28) | .24 |
| Low | 34.5 (87) | 45.5 (30) | 33.3 (20) | 31.8 (20) | 27.0 (17) | |
| High or marginal | 20.2 (51) | 12.1 (8) | 20.0 (12) | 20.6 (13) | 28.6 (18) | |