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. 2017 Sep 15;8:194. doi: 10.1186/s13287-017-0642-y

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1

Downstream and upstream approaches to tissue engineering. In the downstream approach, multiple methods are used for creating modular tissues, which are then assembled into engineered tissues with specific micro-architectural features. In the upstream approach, cells and biomaterial scaffolds are combined and cultured until the cells fill the support structure to create an engineered tissue