Fig. 2.

Fucoidan suppresses HBV replication in the HepG2.2.15 cell line. a Cells were incubated with varying concentrations of fucoidan for 24 or 48 h. Cytotoxic effect of fucoidan on HepG2.2.15 cells was measured via CCK-8 assays. b-g HepG2.2.15 cells were treated with the indicated concentrations of fucoidan for 24 h. b, c The HBV DNA replicative intermediates were determined by quantitative PCR (b) and Southern blotting (c). d Northern blotting was performed to measure the intracellular HBV RNA levels. e, f The levels of HBsAg (e) and HBeAg (f) in the cell culture medium were analyzed via ELISA. g The expressions of HBsAg and HBcAg in HepG2.2.15 cells were examined by western blotting analysis. HepG2 cells was served as a negative control. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, compared to the group without fucoidan treatment. All the experiments were repeated at least three times independently