Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants.
| Control (n = 27) | Diet (n = 26) | Exercise (n = 26) | Diet-exercise (n = 28) | P value† | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (y) | 69 ± 1 | 70 ± 1 | 70 ± 1 | 70 ± 1 | 0.85 |
| Female/male (n) | 18/9 | 17/9 | 16/10 | 16/12 | 0.89 |
| White, n (%) | 22 (81) | 23 (88) | 21 (81) | 25 (89) | 0.78 |
| Height (cm) | 165.8 ± 1.9 | 169.2 ± 1.9 | 168.1 ± 1.1 | 165.4 ± 1.6 | 0.38 |
| Weight (kg) | 101.0 ± 3.2 | 104.1 ± 2.9 | 99.2 ± 3.3 | 99.1 ± 3.4 | 0.66 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 37.3 ± 0.9 | 37.2 ± 0.9 | 36.9 ± 1.1 | 37.2 ± 1.0 | 0.93 |
| Body composition | |||||
| Fat-free mass (kg) | 57.3 ± 2.2 | 61.4 ± 2.5 | 57.6 ± 2.7 | 57.2 ± 1.9 | 0.17 |
| Fat mass (kg) | 43.8 ± 1.9 | 42.8 ± 1.3 | 41.6 ± 1.9 | 41.9 ± 2.2 | 0.84 |
| Trunk fat (kg) | 22.4 ± 1.1 | 21.8 ± 0.8 | 21.2 ± 0.8 | 20.9 ± 0.9 | 0.54 |
| Bone turnover and BMD | |||||
| CTX (ng/ml) | 0.407 ± 0.039 | 0.309 ± 0.024 | 0.350 ± 0.029 | 0.320 ± 0.023 | 0.09 |
| PINP (μg/l) | 52.2 ± 5.3 | 41.5 ± 2.4 | 45.2 ± 2.8 | 43.1 ± 2.5 | 0.14 |
| WB BMD (g/cm2) | 1.207 ± 0.034 | 1.252 ± 0.036 | 1.188 ± 0.034 | 1.269 ± 0.033 | 0.30 |
| Physical function | |||||
| Knee extension strength (Nm) | 70.0 ± 5.2 | 70.8 ± 4.8 | 72.6 ± 5.6 | 71.4 ± 4.5 | 0.99 |
| Knee flexion strength (Nm) | 44.7 ± 3.6 | 50.3 ± 3.5 | 46.4 ± 3.4 | 49.1 ± 2.8 | 0.63 |
| VO2peak (l/min) | 1.7 ± 0.1 | 1.8 ± 0.1 | 1.8 ± 0. 1 | 1.7 ± 0.1 | 0.66 |
| Adipocytokines | |||||
| hs-CRP (mg/l) | 22.4 ± 1.1 | 21.8 ± 0.8 | 21.2 ± 0.8 | 20.9 ± 0.9 | 0.72 |
| sTNF R1 (pg/ml) | 167.2 ± 7.6 | 155.5 ± 6.9 | 166.6 ± 10.0 | 177.5 ± 9.4 | 0.36 |
| Interleukin 6 (pg/ml) | 3.1 ± 0.8 | 1.8 ± 0.1 | 1.7 ± 0.2 | 2.6 ± 0.7 | 0.15 |
| Leptin (μg/l) | 38.1 ± 5.2 | 36.7 ± 3.4 | 37.5 ± 5.2 | 34.1 ± 3.9 | 0.92 |
| Adiponectin (ng/ml) | 31.9 ± 4.7 | 23.3 ± 2.4 | 20.8 ± 1.5 | 24.4 ± 2.5 | 0.06 |
WB BMD: whole body bone mineral density; CTX: C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen; PINP: intact N-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen; VO2peak: peak oxygen uptake; hs-CRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; sTNF R1: soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor 1. Values are given as mean ± SE. †P values as calculated with the use of analyses of variance for quantitative data and chi-square tests for counts.