Table 2.

Environment: Maternal, Home and Neighborhood Factors

	Low SES n=27	Higher SES n=25	p-value
Maternal Factors
Maternal† WAIS-IV Subtests
Vocabulary Scaled scorea	6.2 ± 1.8b	9.8 ± 3.4	<0.001
High Risk Category*	16 (59.3%)c	3 (12.5%)	0.001d
Matrix Reasoning Scaled score	7.9 ± 2.8	11.8 ± 2.3	<0.001
High Risk Category	10 (37.0%)	1 (4.2%)	0.004
Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II)	10.4 ± 9.8	10.4 ± 8.7	0.99
High Risk Category	4 (14.8%)	3 (12.0%)	0.77
Perceived Stress Scale (PSS)	16.4 ± 7.6	14.4 ± 9.2	0.40
High Risk Category	8 (29.6%)	6 (24.0%)	0.65
Parenting Stress Index-4 (PSI-4)
Total Stress T-score	49.6 ± 5.0	45.2 ± 5.3	0.003
Child T-score	49.8 ± 5.5	46.0 ± 4.8	0.01
Parent T-score	49.4 ± 5.5	45.1 ± 7.0	0.02
Life Stress T-score	48.4 ± 10.9	49.5 ± 9.3	0.71
High Risk Category	8 (29.6%)	6 (24.0%)	0.65
Social Support score	7.6±2.4	8.5±2.1	0.17
High Risk Category	8 (29.6%)	7 (28.0%)	0.89
Home Factors
Home Observation Measurement of the Environment (HOME)
Age at time of Home Visit	11.2 ± 0.57	10.9 ± 0.57	0.094
Total score	32.6 ± 3.6b	38.2 ± 3.2	<0.001
HOME subscales
Emotional and Verbal Responsivity of Parent	8.8 ± 1.9	9.4 ± 1.0	0.21
Acceptance of Child’s Behavior	6.0 ± 1.3	6.3 ± 1.0	0.28
Organization of Physical & Temporal Environment	4.7 ± 1.0	5.4 ± 0.6	0.002
Provision of Appropriate Play Materials	6.3 ± 1.7	8.1 ± 1.1	<0.001
Parent Involvement with Child	3.1 ± 1.2	5.2 ± 1.1	<0.001
Opportunities for Variety in Daily Stimulation	3.2 ± 1.1	3.8 ± 1.0	0.056
High Risk Category*	9 (33.3%)c	1 (4.0%)	0.007d
Food Insecurity Index (HFI)
High Risk Category	18 (66.7%)	8 (32.0%)	0.012
Neighborhood Factors
Concentrated Neighborhood Disadvantage (CND)
Concentrated Disadvantage Factor Score	0.32± 0.80	−0.27 ± 1.0	0.027
% Below povertye	30.7 ± 11.6	25.8 ± 10.0	0.11
% Receiving public assistance	13.3 ± 6.8	10.3 ± 6.5	0.12
% Female-only hshld w/minor children	37.9 ± 8.6	31.1 ± 11.1	0.016
% Unemployed	7.8 ± 2.7	6.4 ± 3.2	0.093
% Under 18	30.4 ± 5.4	26.9 ± 7.8	0.062
% African American	82.4±21.4	70.5±31.7	0.12
High Risk Category	10 (37.0%)	5 (20.0%)	0.018

^†Higher SES scores (n=25) include one father.

^aWAIS-IV subtests scaled score mean 10 and standard deviation 3;

^bMean ± SD;

^cn (%);

^dPearson Chi-Square;

^ePercent of families in the census tract.

^*High Risk Categories were determined for environmental factors as follows: WAIS-IV subtest scores >1 SD below normative mean of 10; BDI-II Total score in moderate or severe range; PSS score ≥ 75^th percentile; PSI-4 Life Stress score ≥ 75th percentile; Social Support ≤ 25^th percentile; HOME Total score >1 SD below sample mean; HFI category of food insecure; CND≥ 75th Percentile. Number and percent show proportion of sample in high risk category for each factor.