Figure 7.
The microtubule network in dividing cells in a mechanochemical network that has chemical and force-dependent feedback loops. (a) A dividing cell in metaphase can be tested by recapitulating various parts in vitro using force measurements.138 (b) Optical trapping combined with nanolithography was used to recapitulate centrosome centering within dynein-lined microchambers. (c) Optical trapping was used to show that kinethochores use tension-sensitive slip-bonds to hold onto depolymerizing microtubules during anaphase.139 (d) Magnetic tweezers were used in live cells to measure the restoring force controlling midplane centering.140