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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Sep 18.
Published in final edited form as: Chem Soc Rev. 2017 Sep 18;46(18):5570–5587. doi: 10.1039/c7cs00030h

Figure 8.

Figure 8

Molecular robots based on the kinesin-microtubule system. (a) Molecular shuttles as conceived by Vogel and Howard utilize kinesins adhered in tracks and controllably activated with defined concentrations of ATP to propel cargo-carrying microtubules. Adapted with permission from177. Copyright 2003 Americal Chemical Society. (b) In “artificial melanophores”, kinesin-driven aggregation of fluorescent material along microtubule asters creates a switchable pixel. From87. (c) Microtubules traversing a network of channels can be used for energy-efficient biocomputation. From160. (d) DNA connections introduce programmability into the self-organization process. From164. Reprinted by permission from Macmillan Publishers Ltd: Nature Nanotechnol. 9, 44-47, copyright 2014.