Table 1.

Association of demographic characteristics with Duke-Frailty Index (N = 1740), and with these demographic characteristics controlled, association of personality characteristics, social environment, and social stressors with Duke-Frailty Index (multivariable regression)

	Duke Frailty Index
	b	se	p
Demographic characteristics
Age	0.005	0.003	0.080
Male (vs female)	0.134	0.032	0.000
African American (vsWhite)	0.238	0.032	0.000
Education (0 – 17 years)	−0.008	0.004	0.040
Income $5000 – $22000a	−0.085	0.034	0.058
Income >$22000	−0.218	0.073	0.018
Personality
Locus of control	−0.0039	0.001	0.000
Self-esteem	−0.0067	0.0016	0.000
Life satisfaction	0.0021	0.0004	0.000
Depressive symptomatology	0.0016	0.0005	0.001
Social environment
Gives help (total)	−0.0018	0.0006	0.002
Gets help (total)	0.001	0.0006	0.099
Gives emotional help	−0.0017	0.0018	0.349
Gets emotional help	0.0018	0.0016	0.279
Gives instrumental help	−0.0026	0.0008	0.001
Gets instrumental help	0.0013	0.0008	0.099
Negative life events (stress)
Number of negative life events	0.0033	0.0015	0.028

^aReference = Income <$5,000