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. 2017 Sep 18;7:11819. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-11959-7

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Modelled bathymetry at present-day and simplified patterns of bottom and deep water circulation (LCDW + AABW water masses). Water circulation paths are qualitative and arrow length does not indicate current speed. AABW: Antarctic Bottom Water; LCDW: Lower Circumpolar Deep Water^77–80. Panels next to the reconstructions show the shallowest (top) and deepest (bottom) paleobathymetries for the illustrated period by consideration of the uncertainties in the data and models used. The maps were generated using the Generic Mapping Tools⁷⁶.