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. 2017 Sep 18;7:11819. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-11959-7

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Modelled bathymetry at present-day and simplified patterns of intermediate and shallow water circulation. Water circulation paths are qualitative and arrow length does not indicate current speed. Top panel: Patterns of circulation of North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) and Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW). Bottom panel: Patterns of circulation of Antarctic Intermediate Water and South Atlantic Deep Water. Both water masses circulate together as part of the following - AC: Agulhas Current; ACC: Antarctic Circumpolar Current; BC: Brazil Current; BCC: Intermediate Brazil Contour Current; BgC: Benguela Current; EqC: Equatorial Currents; MC: Malvinas Current; SAC: South Atlantic Current^77–80. The map was generated using the Generic Mapping Tools⁷⁶.