Table 2.
Univariate and multivariate analysis of risk factors for DR.
| Unadjusted OR | (95% CI) | P-value | Adjusted OR | (95% CI) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 1.02 | (1.005–1.035) | 0.0101 | 0.965 | (0.94–0.99) | 0.0069 |
| Sex (male), % | 0.769 | (0.511–1.157) | 0.2074 | |||
| Duration of diabetes, y | 1.134 | (1.103–1.165) | <0.0001 | 1.095 | (1.054–1.138) | <0.0001 |
| Current smoker, % | 1.083 | (0.681–1.721) | 0.737 | |||
| Insulin therapy, % | 6.914 | (4.037–11.841) | <0.0001 | 6.539 | (3.031–14.105) | <0.0001 |
| Oral hypoglycemic agent, % | 4.109 | (2.124–7.949) | <0.0001 | 1.442 | (0.579–3.591) | 0.4321 |
| BMI, kg/m² | 0.888 | (0.841–0.938) | <0.0001 | 0.922 | (0.856–0.993) | 0.0312 |
| Waist circumflex, cm | 0.975 | (0.955–0.995) | 0.0148 | |||
| SBP, mmHg | 1.019 | (1.007–1.03) | 0.0015 | 1.025 | (1.008–1.043) | 0.0037 |
| DBP, mmHg | 0.985 | (0.966–1.003) | 0.1049 | |||
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | 0.837 | (0.747–0.937) | 0.002 | 0.911 | (0.786–1.056) | 0.2175 |
| Hemoglobin A1c, % | 1.433 | (1.235–1.663) | <0.0001 | 1.454 | (1.241–1.703) | <0.0001 |
| FPG, mg/dL | 1.009 | (1.005–1.014) | <0.0001 | |||
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 0.993 | (0.989–0.998) | 0.0063 | 0.998 | (0.982–1.015) | 0.8242 |
| Triglyceride, mg/dL | 0.999 | (0.998–1.001) | 0.4316 | |||
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 1.004 | (0.985–1.023) | 0.6971 | |||
| LDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 0.993 | (0.988–0.999) | 0.0124 | 1.001 | (0.984–1.018) | 0.9071 |
| Estimated GFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 0.986 | (0.975–0.996) | 0.0082 | 0.987 | (0.973–1.001) | 0.064 |
| ACR, mg/mmol | 1.025 | (1.013–1.038) | <0.0001 | 1.019 | (1.005–1.033) | 0.0088 |
DR, diabetic retinopathy; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HDL, high density-lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; GFR, glomerular filtration; ACR, albumin-to-creatinine ratio; CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio.