Table 4.
Psychological outcomes per study
| Study | Intervention (resistance training group) | Comparison group | Psychological outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Davis [28] | R + Ae + D | Ae + D Ae + D + mind-fulness |
Eating behavior scores improved for all groups, without differences in groups. Intention-to-treat analyses show that the mindfulness group had greater scores compared to the standard behavioral weight loss program group Mindfulness improved over time, but did not significantly differ between groups Self-efficacy for physical activity when tired, when on vacation, and eating self-efficacy improved for all groups, but did not significantly differ between groups Dietary restraint increased for all groups, without significant differences between groups Body image improved over time for appearance evaluation, fitness orientation, health evaluation, health orientation, illness orientation, body-areas satisfaction, self-classified weight over time, and overweight preoccupation Differences between groups were found only for health evaluation In all groups a significant decrease in expected barriers for physical activity was found without differences between groups. A significant group × time interaction was found for the time barrier Outcome expectations increased most in mindfulness and resistance training group The mindfulness group had much higher expectations that body image will improve with exercise compared to the SBWL group |
| Fonzi [33] | R + Ae + D | Ae + D | No significant differences were found over time for social functioning, bodily pain, mental health, “role emotional” Significant increases were found for “role physical,” vitality, and general health (trend for physical functioning). No differences between groups were found |
| Ghroubi et al. [34] | R + Ae + D | Ae + D No intervention |
All stress test parameters improved in intervention groups but not in control group Psychological status (anxiety, depression, and quality of life) improved in intervention groups but not in control group |
| Goldfield et al. [29] | R R + Ae |
No intervention Ae |
Time, but no group × time, effects on body image Time, but no group × time, effects on anger and depression Significant effects on vigor (group × time) No effects on confusion, fatigue or tension Time, but no group x time, effects on self-perceived skills, and perceptions of physical self-worth Perceived physical condition, global self-esteem and strength were improved for the R&AE group vs. control group |
| Lau et al. [35] | R + D | D | Non-significant improvement was found in anxiety or depression in both groups No difference was found between the two groups for anxiety or depression |
| Levinger et al. [31] | R | No intervention | Training did not improve psychological outcomes in the LoMF group Training increased perception of both physical and mental health in the HiMF group compared to the control group Training improved scores on physical functioning, general health, social functioning in the HiMF training group Self perceived bodily pain got worse in the LoMF training group and improved for the HiMF training group Self-perceived physical health improved more in the HiMF training group compared to the LoMF training group |
| Levinger et al. [36] | R | – | In women, exercise increased positive well-being after exercise Positive well-being in obese women tended to improve (p = 0.059) Exercise did not change perception of psychological distress of fatigue in women (within and between) Fatigue increased after exercises more in non-obese men compared to obese men No changes in positive well-being of psychological distress were found in men |
| Levinger et al. [37] | R | No intervention | At baseline, no differences in depression scores between LoMF groups. The HiMF training group had a higher depression score at baseline compared to the HiMF control group After training, depression score was improved in the HiMF training group compared to the HiMF control group (no such results were found in the LoMF groups) |
| Martins et al. [38] | R | Ae No intervention |
Mood states changed over 16 weeks in the control group (more confusion) and strength training group (positive change in vigor) Furthermore, no differences were found after 15 weeks in depression, tension, fatigue, and anger |
| Messier et al. [27] | R + D | D | Both groups improved for total body esteem, body esteem subscales, dietary restraint, disinhibition, hunger, quality of life subscale for health perceptions, and self-efficacy No additional effects of resistance training on psychological factors were found |
| Plotnikoff et al. [39] | R | No intervention | After 16 weeks resistance intention items significantly increased in the resistance training group compared to the control group After 16 weeks scheduling self-efficacy was higher in the intervention group vs. control Task and barrier self-efficacy, and health-related quality-of-life scores did not change significantly between groups For individuals who completed at least 2/3 of the intervention, significant gains in task, schedule, and barrier self-efficacy were found compared to individuals who completed less than 2/3 of the intervention |
| Sarsan et al. [40] | R | Ae No intervention |
Both exercise groups improved in depression score. Only the aerobic exercise group changed significantly compared to the control group |
| Schranz, et al. [18] | R | No intervention | Significant differences were found between intervention and control group at 3 and 6 months in exercise self-efficacy No significant differences between groups for resistance training beliefs (but large difference for the subscale confidence) Trends were found for physical self-worth (not statistically significant between groups) At 3 and 6 months, intervention group had higher global self-esteem compared to control group |
| Wadden et al. [32] | R R + Ae + D |
D Ae + D |
No significant differences among conditions at any time were found in changes in hunger, satiety, preoccupation with food, or intensity of food cravings Mood changed over time in all groups. No significant differences among conditions were found in BDI scores No significant differences among conditions in changes on any of the profile of mood states. In all conditions increases were found in vigor, and decreases in fatigue |
| Wicker et al. [30] | R | – | Increases in life satisfaction Increases in health satisfaction |
| Williams et al. [41] | R | – | Resistance training intervention had significant effects on change in behavioral expectation, self-regulation, and perceived satisfaction but not outcome expectancies |
| Yu et al. [42] | R + D | D | Confidence in strength increased significantly in both groups after intervention The diet-and-strength training group increased significantly in self-concept of endurance compared to the diet-only group |
Ae aerobic exercise intervention, BDI Beck Depression Inventory, BMI body mass index, D diet intervention, HiMF high metabolic risk factor, LoMF low metabolic risk factor, R strength or resistance exercise intervention, SBWL standard behavioral weight loss program