Table 4.
Modifying factors for the effect of hypohydration on performance in team sports studies
| Sex | Age | Athlete caliber | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male | Female | Youth | Adult | Rec and/or comp | College | Semipro, pro, and/or elite | |
| Cognition | 3/5 (60%) | 3/3 (100%) | – | 5/7 (71%) | 1/2 (50%) | 3/3 (100%) | 1/2 (50%) |
| References | [93–95, 97, 100] | [96, 98, 100] | – | [93–98, 100] | [94, 97] | [93, 96, 100] | [95, 98] |
| Skill | 5/9 (56%) | 1/5 (20%) | 1/3 (33%) | 5/10 (50%) | 2/4 (50%) | 1/2 (50%) | 3/7 (43%) |
| References | [60, 83, 95, 101–103, 105, 109, 112] | [63, 96, 98, 106, 112] | [60, 101, 103] | [63, 83, 95, 96, 98, 102, 105, 106, 109, 112] | [101–103, 112] | [96, 109] | [60, 63, 83, 95, 98, 105, 106] |
| Sprint | 5/7 (71%) | 0/1 (0%) | 1/2 (50%) | 4/6 (67%) | 2/2 (100%) | 1/2 (50%) | 2/4 (50%) |
| References | [60, 83, 95, 102, 103, 113, 114] | [106] | [60, 103] | [83, 95, 102, 106, 113, 114] | [102, 103] | [113, 114] | [60, 83, 95, 106] |
| Lateral movements | 2/3 (67%) | – | 1/2 (50%) | 1/1 (100%) | 2/2 (100%) | – | 0/1 (0%) |
| References | [60, 102, 103] | – | [60, 103] | [102] | [102, 103] | – | [60] |
| Jumping/power | 2/5 (40%) | 0/2 (0%) | 0/2 (0%) | 2/4 (50%) | 1/4 (25%) | 1/2 (50%) | – |
| References | [85, 101–103, 112] | [96, 112] | [101, 103] | [85, 96, 102, 112] | [101–103, 112] | [85, 96] | – |
| Intermittent high intensity running capacity | 2/3 (67%) | – | – | 2/3 (67%) | 1/1 (100%) | 1/1 (100%) | 0/1 (0%) |
| References | [94, 105, 109] | – | – | [94, 105, 109] | [94] | [109] | [105] |
| Method of dehydration | BML difference between control (fluid intake) and hypo (fluid restriction) trials | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Passive heat stress | Exercise only | Exercise + heat stress | 1–2% | 3–4% | |||
| Cognition | 1/1 (100%) | 2/4 (50%) | 2/2 (100%) | 4/6 (67%) | 1/1 (100%) | ||
| References | [98] | [94–96, 100] | [93, 97] | [94–98, 100] | [97] | ||
| Skill | 0/1 (0%) | 2/8 (25%) | 4/4 (100%) | 4/12 (33%) | 2/2 (100%) | ||
| References | [98] | [60, 63, 95, 96, 101, 105, 106, 112] | [83, 102, 103, 109] | [60, 63, 95, 96, 98, 101–103, 105, 106, 109, 112] | [83, 102] | ||
| Sprint | – | 1/4 (25%) | 4/4 (100%) | 3/6 (50%) | 3/3 (100%) | ||
| References | – | [60, 95, 106, 113] | [83, 102, 103, 114] | [60, 95, 102, 103, 106, 113] | [83, 102, 114] | ||
| Lateral movements | – | 0/1 (0%) | 2/2 (100%) | 1/3 (33%) | 1/1 (100%) | ||
| References | – | [60] | [102, 103] | [60, 102, 103] | [102] | ||
| Jumping/power | – | 0/3 (0%) | 2/3 (67%) | 0/6 (0%) | 2/2 (100%) | ||
| References | – | [96, 101, 112] | [85, 102, 103] | [85, 96, 101–103, 112] | [85, 102] | ||
| Intermittent high intensity running capacity | – | 1/2 (50%) | 1/1 (100%) | 2/3 (67%) | – | ||
| References | – | [94, 105] | [109] | [94, 105, 109] | – | ||
Values are number of studies reporting a detrimental effect of hypohydration on performance out of total number of studies with the percentage shown in parenthesis
Dashes indicate no studies available
BML body mass loss, Comp competitive, Hypo hypohydration, Pro professional, Rec recreational, Semipro semiprofessional