FIGURE 5.

Pro-inflammatory cytokine and immunoregulatory cytokine expression in the colons of acute DSS-induced colitis were determined by Real-time PCR. The mRNA expression levels of TNF- α, IFN-γ, IL-17A, IL-12, IL-22, and TGF-β were detected by Real-time PCR, the housekeeping gene GAPDH was used as internal reference. Statistical analyses of multiple groups were performed using a one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s multiple comparison post hoc test versus DSS+PBS (^∗P < 0.05, ^∗∗P < 0.01). Statistical significance between two experimental groups was assessed using the Independent-Sample t-test (^&P < 0.05, ^&&P < 0.01).