Table 1.
Summary of Found (Super)hydrophilic surfaces In Literaturea.
| Reference | Treatment Method | Material | Substrate | WCA Substrate (°) | WCA After Treatment (°) | WCA (°) After Irradiation, t (minutes) | Film Thickness (nm) | Transmittance (%) | Wavelength (nm) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 128 | e-Beam evaporation | ZrO2/3 pairs of SiO2/TiO2 | Glass | 10 | ~0, t = 300.05 | 420 | 99 | 405 | |
| 90 | Spin coating | TiO2 (multiple layers) | HDPE | 46.7 | 0 | ~0, t = 1440 | |||
| 90 | Spin coating | TiO2 (multiple layers) | Borosilicate glass (BK7, SCHOTT) | 21.1 | 0 | ~0, t = 1440 | |||
| 146 | Spin coating | Niobia nanosheets | Soda-lime glass | 42 | <5, t = 80 | ||||
| 147 | GLAD/dry etching | Nanocone arrays | Borosilicate glassb | ~63 | 5 | >94.2 | 330-1800 | ||
| 108 | Electrospinning | Nanocrystalline TiO2 + DEA | Glass | 56.0 ± 1 | 2 ± 1 | >85 | 350-800 | ||
| 143 | Aqueous electrostatic layer-by-layer assembly | 120 TiO2/SiO2 bilayers | Glass | 125 | ~0, t = 60 | 2421 (avg.) | 93.5 (avg.) | 400-800 | |
| 148 | Sol-gel dip coating | TiO2 | ITO glass | 27 | 12, t = 30 | 30.1 (avg.) | |||
| 149 | Combined sol-gel dip coating | Glass | 89.5 | 23.5, t = 15 | 75 | 94.8 | 550 | ||
| 150 | Dip coating in 2-propanol | TiO2 | PET | <5, t = 90 | 76-95 | 400-800 | |||
| 151 | Dip coating in water | PtCl-TiO2 | PMMA | 136 | 6.1 | <5, t = 120 | 61-92 | 400-800 | |
| 109 | DC reactive magnetron sputtering | TiO2-x-Nx/TiO2 bilayer | ZnO-coated (h = 80 nm) soda-lime glass | 25 ± 1.5 | 14 ± 1, t = 60 | 830 | >71 | 400-1000 | |
| 152 | Sol-gel dip coating | TiO2 | Float glass | 39 ± 11 | 55 ± 6 | 0, t = 1440 | 300-400 | >80 | 380-1000 |
| 152, 153 | TiO2 | Pilkington Activ | 70 ± 6 | 0, t = 5760 | ~15 | >76 | 380-1000 | ||
| 154 | ICP-RIE | Nanostructures | Borosilicate glassb | 61 | 32 | 200 | >92 | 400-1000 | |
| 155 | Sol-gel dip coating | TiO2-Cu (1%) | Glass | 45.8 | 17.4, t = 30 | ~1000 | >72 | 2500-25 000 | |
| 156 | Ultrasonic nebulization | PEG/TiO2 hydrosol | Glass | <5 | 0, t = 0.17 | ~1.0 | |||
| 144 | ICP-RIE | Nanostructures | Borosilicate glassb | 62 | 21 | 400 | >89 | 400-900 | |
| 157 | PVD/MPII | TiO2-Fe | Glass | 9.95 | |||||
| 158 | Solvent-based spin coating, RIE | Nanostructures | Borosilicate glassb | 58.9 | 12.6 | 108 | >93.5 | 400-1800 | |
| 159 | Magnetron sputtering | TiO2 | Soda-lime glass | 18 | 5, t = 20 | >65 | 400-1100 | ||
| 160 | Reactive magnetron sputtering | SiO2/TiO2 bilayer | Quartz glass | 3.29 | 46.44 | >63 | 400-1000 | ||
| 161 | Hydrothermal synthesis | NH4OH | glass | <5 | ~100 | 98.4 | 500 |
Abbreviations: HDPE, high-density polyethylene; GLAD, glancing angle deposition technique; DEA, diethanolamine; ICP, inductively coupled plasma; RIE, reactive ion etching; PVD, physical vapor deposition; MPII, metal plasma ion implantation.
a
The material after a “+” sign in the material column indicates that the material is added to the precursor solution. A “−” sign indicates that the original substance is doped by the material that follows. Some entries are intentionally left blank as the literature did not provide information on those aspects.
b
BOROFLOAT 33, Schott.