Table S1.
Results from all pairwise comparisons when controlling for gender
| Variable name | Coefficient | P value | Cohen’s d | Significant in Monte Carlo simulation, % | FDR critical value |
| Published Abstracts (gain) | 0.196 | 0.002 | 0.47 | 73.3 | 0.000434783 |
| Published Abstracts (T2) | 0.183 | 0.009 | 0.41 | 68.0 | 0.000869565 |
| Student Scholarly Encouragement (T1) | 0.090 | 0.056 | 0.22 | 30.0 | 0.001304348 |
| Perceived Cohesion/Sense of Belonging (T1) | 0.584 | 0.056 | 0.33 | 54.3 | 0.001739130 |
| Research Infrastructure (T2) | 0.139 | 0.073 | 0.42 | 59.4 | 0.002173913 |
| Department Collegiality (T2) | 0.198 | 0.097 | 0.28 | 41.6 | 0.002608696 |
| Perceived Cohesion/Sense of Belonging (T2) | 0.462 | 0.098 | 0.25 | 36.1 | 0.003043478 |
| Research Infrastructure (gain) | 0.122 | 0.105 | 0.003478261 | ||
| Hypothesis (gain01) | 0.210 | 0.121 | 0.003913043 | ||
| Department Collegiality (gain) | 0.160 | 0.152 | 0.004347826 | ||
| Student Scholarly Encouragement (T2) | 0.108 | 0.156 | 0.004782609 | ||
| Participation in Scholarly Activities (T1) | −0.049 | 0.194 | 0.005217391 | ||
| Participation in Scholarly Activities (T2) | −0.042 | 0.200 | 0.005652174 | ||
| Journal articles (T2) | −1.747 | 0.222 | 0.006086957 | ||
| Hypothesis (T1) | 0.171 | 0.229 | 0.006521739 | ||
| Journal articles (gain) | −1.726 | 0.233 | 0.006956522 | ||
| Student-Faculty and Student-Peer Interactions (T1) | −0.033 | 0.249 | 0.007391304 | ||
| Conference Papers (gain) | −0.015 | 0.282 | 0.007826087 | ||
| Department Collegiality (T1) | 0.088 | 0.312 | 0.008260870 | ||
| Control/Replication (T1) | −0.156 | 0.312 | 0.008695652 | ||
| Control/Replication (gain01) | −0.160 | 0.322 | 0.009130435 | ||
| Use of Primary Literature (T1) | −0.220 | 0.337 | 0.009565217 | ||
| Data Selection (gain01) | −0.115 | 0.346 | 0.010000000 | ||
| Use of Primary Literature (gain01) | −0.199 | 0.366 | 0.010434783 | ||
| Student Scholarly Encouragement (gain) | 0.066 | 0.373 | 0.010869565 | ||
| Academic & Intellectual Development (T2) | 0.075 | 0.378 | 0.011304348 | ||
| Alternative Interpretations of Data (gain02) | −0.162 | 0.384 | 0.011739130 | ||
| Conference Papers (T2) | −0.015 | 0.409 | 0.012173913 | ||
| Alternative Interpretations of Data (T2) | −0.146 | 0.423 | 0.012608696 | ||
| Research Infrastructure (T1) | 0.034 | 0.442 | 0.013043478 | ||
| Data Selection (T1) | −0.092 | 0.448 | 0.013478261 | ||
| Data Presentation (gain01) | −0.092 | 0.451 | 0.013913043 | ||
| Published Abstracts (T1) | −0.033 | 0.455 | 0.014347826 | ||
| Alternative Interpretations of Data (gain12) | −0.144 | 0.462 | 0.014782609 | ||
| Self-efficacy for Research Skills (T2) | −0.648 | 0.472 | 0.015217391 | ||
| Data Selection (T2) | 0.118 | 0.485 | 0.015652174 | ||
| Journal articles (T1) | 0.037 | 0.486 | 0.016086957 | ||
| Data Selection (gain12) | 0.078 | 0.491 | 0.016521739 | ||
| Self-efficacy for Research Skills (gain) | −0.406 | 0.492 | 0.016956522 | ||
| Data Selection (gain02) | 0.117 | 0.494 | 0.017391304 | ||
| Implications of Findings (gain01) | 0.128 | 0.509 | 0.017826087 | ||
| Perceived Cohesion/Sense of Belonging (gain) | 0.184 | 0.512 | 0.018260870 | ||
| Academic & Intellectual Development (gain) | 0.043 | 0.512 | 0.018695652 | ||
| Degree Commitment (T2) | 0.028 | 0.513 | 0.019130435 | ||
| Limitations (gain02) | −0.125 | 0.517 | 0.019565217 | ||
| Implications of Findings (gain02) | −0.110 | 0.535 | 0.020000000 | ||
| Limitations (T2) | −0.117 | 0.539 | 0.020434783 | ||
| Context for a Study (gain01) | 0.098 | 0.542 | 0.020869565 | ||
| Limitations (gain12) | −0.123 | 0.547 | 0.021304348 | ||
| Institutional Commitment (T2) | 0.051 | 0.548 | 0.021739130 | ||
| Implications of Findings (T2) | −0.108 | 0.552 | 0.022173913 | ||
| Data Analysis (gain01) | −0.083 | 0.566 | 0.022608696 | ||
| Implications of Findings (gain12) | −0.096 | 0.584 | 0.023043478 | ||
| Institutional Commitment (gain) | 0.041 | 0.591 | 0.023478261 | ||
| Implications of Findings (T1) | 0.102 | 0.606 | 0.023913043 | ||
| Academic & Intellectual Development (T1) | 0.041 | 0.617 | 0.024347826 | ||
| Control/Replication (gain12) | −0.072 | 0.627 | 0.024782609 | ||
| Context for a Study (T1) | 0.080 | 0.628 | 0.025217391 | ||
| Alternative Interpretations of Data (T1) | −0.083 | 0.634 | 0.025652174 | ||
| Experimental Design (T2) | 0.057 | 0.636 | 0.026086957 | ||
| Experimental Design (T1) | −0.055 | 0.645 | 0.026521739 | ||
| Experimental Design (gain02) | 0.058 | 0.645 | 0.026956522 | ||
| Time to Degree (T2) | 0.029 | 0.659 | 0.027391304 | ||
| Time to Degree (gain) | 0.023 | 0.672 | 0.027826087 | ||
| Experimental Design (gain01) | −0.050 | 0.674 | 0.028260870 | ||
| Control/Replication (T2) | −0.063 | 0.675 | 0.028695652 | ||
| Student-Faculty and Student-Peer Interactions (T2) | −0.014 | 0.676 | 0.029130435 | ||
| Context for a Study (gain02) | −0.053 | 0.685 | 0.029565217 | ||
| Experimental Design (gain12) | 0.047 | 0.688 | 0.030000000 | ||
| Alternative Interpretations of Data (gain01) | −0.069 | 0.693 | 0.030434783 | ||
| Data Analysis (T1) | −0.055 | 0.703 | 0.030869565 | ||
| Overall Writing Quality (gain12) | −0.030 | 0.709 | 0.031304348 | ||
| Overall Writing Quality (T2) | −0.030 | 0.710 | 0.031739130 | ||
| Control/Replication (gain02) | −0.054 | 0.716 | 0.032173913 | ||
| Participation in Scholarly Activities (gain) | −0.009 | 0.719 | 0.032608696 | ||
| Use of Primary Literature (gain02) | −0.065 | 0.727 | 0.033043478 | ||
| Self-efficacy for Research Skills (T1) | −0.338 | 0.747 | 0.033478261 | ||
| Context for a Study (T2) | −0.043 | 0.747 | 0.033913043 | ||
| Degree Commitment (T1) | 0.010 | 0.748 | 0.034347826 | ||
| Context for a Study (gain12) | −0.042 | 0.756 | 0.034782609 | ||
| Function of Advisor (T1) | 0.015 | 0.774 | 0.035217391 | ||
| Overall Writing Quality (T1) | −0.028 | 0.775 | 0.035652174 | ||
| Total (T1) | −0.344 | 0.787 | 0.036086957 | ||
| Data Presentation (gain02) | 0.045 | 0.793 | 0.036521739 | ||
| Function of Advisor (T2) | 0.015 | 0.800 | 0.036956522 | ||
| Degree Commitment (gain) | 0.011 | 0.803 | 0.037391304 | ||
| Data Presentation (T2) | 0.039 | 0.814 | 0.037826087 | ||
| Use of Primary Literature (T2) | −0.044 | 0.817 | 0.038260870 | ||
| Total (gain01) | −0.298 | 0.819 | 0.038695652 | ||
| Total (gain02) | −0.357 | 0.825 | 0.039130435 | ||
| Data Presentation (gain12) | 0.037 | 0.829 | 0.039565217 | ||
| Hypothesis (T2) | 0.035 | 0.846 | 0.040000000 | ||
| Conclusions based on Data (gain02) | −0.030 | 0.846 | 0.040434783 | ||
| Conclusions based on Data (T1) | −0.033 | 0.849 | 0.040869565 | ||
| Use of Primary Literature (gain12) | −0.036 | 0.851 | 0.041304348 | ||
| Total (gain12) | −0.283 | 0.860 | 0.041739130 | ||
| Total (T2) | −0.283 | 0.861 | 0.042173913 | ||
| Limitations (gain01) | 0.033 | 0.866 | 0.042608696 | ||
| Overall Writing Quality (gain02) | −0.013 | 0.876 | 0.043043478 | ||
| Hypothesis (gain02) | 0.026 | 0.890 | 0.043478261 | ||
| Conclusions based on Data (gain12) | −0.020 | 0.896 | 0.043913043 | ||
| Conclusions based on Data (T2) | −0.019 | 0.898 | 0.044347826 | ||
| Time to Degree (T1) | −0.005 | 0.907 | 0.044782609 | ||
| Conclusions based on Data (gain01) | −0.019 | 0.908 | 0.045217391 | ||
| Limitations (T1) | 0.020 | 0.918 | 0.045652174 | ||
| Student-Faculty and Student-Peer Interactions (gain) | 0.002 | 0.930 | 0.046086957 | ||
| Institutional Commitment (T1) | 0.006 | 0.941 | 0.046521739 | ||
| Hypothesis (gain12) | 0.013 | 0.943 | 0.046956522 | ||
| Overall Writing Quality (gain01) | 0.006 | 0.950 | 0.047391304 | ||
| Function of Advisor (gain) | 0.003 | 0.963 | 0.047826087 | ||
| Data Analysis (gain02) | −0.007 | 0.965 | 0.048260870 | ||
| Data Analysis (T2) | 0.003 | 0.987 | 0.048695652 | ||
| Data Analysis (gain12) | 0.003 | 0.987 | 0.049130435 | ||
| Conference Papers (T1) | 0.000 | 0.993 | 0.049565217 | ||
| Data Presentation (T1) | 0.001 | 0.995 | 0.050000000 |
Positive coefficient values reflect a higher mean for students who did not participate in boot camps or bridge programs. Negative coefficients reflect a higher mean for students who did participate. The FDR critical value denotes the threshold value from which to determine statistical significance based on FDR Type-1 error correction; significant differences would be identified by the standard of observed P value ≤ FDR critical value. (Note that gain = T2 controlling for T1, gain01 = T1 controlling for T0, gain02 = T2 controlling for T0, and gain12 = T2 controlling for T1.)