Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study by sex and coffee intake (N = 469 047)
| Coffee intake (cups/day)
|
||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men (n= 279 290) | Women (n= 189 757) | |||||||||
|
| ||||||||||
| Characteristic | None | ≤1 | 2 to 3 | ≥4 | Overall | None | ≤1 | 2 to 3 | ≥4 | Overall |
| No. subjects (%) | 25 093 | 86 442 | 118 143 | 49 612 | 279 290 | 23 080 | 68 267 | 74 128 | 24 282 | 189 757 |
| No. bladder cancers (%) | 286 (1.1) | 1390 (1.6) | 2319 (2.0) | 1093 (2.2) | 5088 (1.8) | 97 (0.4) | 266 (0.4) | 401 (0.5) | 160 (0.7) | 924 (0.5) |
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 61.4 (5.5) | 62.6 (5.3) | 62.3 (5.3) | 61.2 (5.4) | 62.1 (5.4) | 61.1 (5.6) | 62.1 (5.4) | 62.0 (5.3) | 61.4 (5.4) | 61.8 (5.4) |
| Caffeinated coffee, %a | 0 | 52.0 | 69.5 | 76.3 | 59.1 | 0.0 | 47.3 | 67.7 | 74.6 | 53.0 |
| Decaffeinated coffee, (%)a | 0 | 42.3 | 27.6 | 20.8 | 28.5 | 0.0 | 47.2 | 29.1 | 21.9 | 31.2 |
| Cigarette smoking status, %b | ||||||||||
| Neverc | 50.7 | 31.7 | 20.1 | 12.1 | 25.0 | 62.3 | 52.3 | 40.5 | 26.9 | 45.6 |
| Former | 39.4 | 55.7 | 61.8 | 57.2 | 57.1 | 28.5 | 37.6 | 41.5 | 35.4 | 37.8 |
| Current | 5.3 | 7.1 | 12.4 | 25.8 | 12.5 | 9.2 | 10.0 | 18.0 | 37.7 | 16.6 |
| Cigarettes smoked per day, % (n= 194 367)d | ||||||||||
| ≤10 | 25.5 | 26.0 | 19.0 | 12.7 | 20.0 | 37.8 | 42.5 | 35.6 | 23.8 | 35.9 |
| 11 to 20 | 30.3 | 32.9 | 32.8 | 29.1 | 31.9 | 31.0 | 31.2 | 35.0 | 37.9 | 34.0 |
| 21 to 40 | 32.5 | 31.0 | 36.9 | 42.5 | 36.2 | 25.3 | 21.6 | 24.8 | 32.2 | 25.1 |
| >40 | 11.7 | 10.2 | 11.3 | 15.8 | 12.0 | 6.0 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 6.1 | 5.0 |
| Years since quitting smoking, % (n= 159 437)e | ||||||||||
| ≥10 | 84.9 | 82.8 | 79.6 | 73.3 | 79.8 | 75.1 | 73.2 | 68.9 | 62.4 | 70.2 |
| 5 to 9 | 9.8 | 11.4 | 13.4 | 16.1 | 13.1 | 15.4 | 17.4 | 19.0 | 20.8 | 18.3 |
| ≥1 to 4 | 5.4 | 5.8 | 7.0 | 10.6 | 7.2 | 9.6 | 9.5 | 12.0 | 16.9 | 11.5 |
| Ever smokers of pipes or cigars, % | 17.9 | 25.3 | 30.3 | 34.3 | 28.4 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.4 |
| Non-Hispanic White, % | 90.4 | 89.3 | 94.6 | 96.2 | 92.8 | 88.4 | 85.0 | 92.8 | 95.5 | 89.8 |
| Family history of cancer, % | 46.1 | 46.3 | 47.8 | 48.7 | 47.3 | 51.2 | 50.6 | 52.1 | 52.9 | 51.6 |
| College graduate, % | 50.9 | 46.2 | 44.2 | 41.1 | 44.9 | 32.2 | 31.2 | 29.3 | 26.4 | 30.0 |
| Self-reported diabetes, % | 10.0 | 10.8 | 9.8 | 9.6 | 10.1 | 9.0 | 8.6 | 6.2 | 5.3 | 7.3 |
| Alcohol, ≥3 drinks/day, % | 6.1 | 9.2 | 12.3 | 12.5 | 10.8 | 1.8 | 2.3 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 2.7 |
| Vigorous physical activity ≥5 times/week | 25.0 | 21.6 | 20.8 | 20.0 | 21.3 | 17.7 | 16.2 | 15.8 | 15.6 | 16.2 |
| Fair or poor self-reported general health, % | 11.5 | 13.1 | 10.7 | 11.1 | 11.6 | 15.3 | 14.2 | 10.5 | 10.8 | 12.4 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 27.1 (4.7) | 27.1 (4.4) | 27.3 (4.2) | 27.4 (4.3) | 27.3 (4.3) | 27.5 (6.7) | 27.2 (6.3) | 26.6 (5.6) | 26.2 (5.9) | 26.8 (6.0) |
| Energy (kcal/day), mean (SD) | 1994 (853) | 1929 (822) | 2006 (818) | 2198 (906) | 2015 (844) | 1565 (685) | 1536 (655) | 1570 (632) | 1681 (695) | 1572 (656) |
| Vegetable intake (servings/day), mean (SD) | 2.1 (1.2) | 2.1 (1.1) | 2.0 (1.0) | 1.9 (1.0) | 2.0 (1.0) | 2.5 (1.5) | 2.5 (1.4) | 2.5 (1.2) | 2.4 (1.3) | 2.5 (1.3) |
| Fruit intake (servings/day), mean (SD) | 1.8 (1.3) | 1.8 (1.2) | 1.5 (1.0) | 1.3 (1.0) | 1.6 (1.1) | 2.1 (1.4) | 2.1 (1.3) | 1.8 (1.2) | 1.6 (1.1) | 1.9 (1.3) |
NIH-AARP, National Institutes of Health-AARP; SD, standard deviation
a
Type of coffee consumed (caffeinated or decaffeinated) among coffee drinkers was based on the type of coffee the participant reported drinking more than half the time. Due to missing data on caffeine type, coffee consumption does not sum to 100% for coffee intake categories
b
Individuals who smoked pipes or cigars but not cigarettes contribute to the denominator but not the numerator
c
Never smokers of any tobacco products (cigarettes, pipes, cigars)
d
Current and former smokers
e
Former smokers